درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Intellectual humility, as one of the important components of personality, plays a decisive role in decision-making, learning, and social interactions. Despite its importance, there are still limited valid tools for measuring this construct across the cultural context of Iran. Aims: The present study aimed to explore the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Intellectual Humility Scale of Alfano et al. (2017) among Iranian adults. Methods: The study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all adults in West Azerbaijan province in 2024. A sample of 573 people (19 to 72 years old) was selected using the Cochrane formula and a cluster-random sampling method. The instruments used included the Intellectual modesty Scale (Alfano et al., 2017), the Honesty-Humility subscale of the Hexagon-60 questionnaire (Ashton and Lee, 2009), Openness to Experience from the Big Five (Costa and McCrae, 1992), and the Need for Cognition Questionnaire (Cacioppo and Petty, 1982). Data analysis was undertaken using SPSS-22 and LISREL 8.80. For factor structure analysis, the sample was split into two parts; Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed on the first part, while Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed on the second part. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, four factors of “open-mindedness”, “intellectual humility”, “corrigibility”, and “engagement” were identified, which were consistent with the theoretical structure of the scale. The CFA results confirmed the favorable fit of the model (fit indices are reported). Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients were higher than 0.70 and the average variance extracted (AVE) was higher than 0.50. Also, the McDonald's omega coefficient for the dimensions was obtained between 0.71 and 0.84. The scale indicated a significant positive correlation with honesty-humility, need for cognition and openness to experience at the 0.01 level, reflecting its convergent and concurrent validity. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that the Intellectual Humility Scale has good validity and reliability across the Iranian adult community and can be used as a valid tool in psychological research. However, the limitations of the study include focusing on one province and the self-report nature of the tools. It is suggested that future studies be conducted across more diverse communities and via multimodal methods.

Background: Grief is a natural and universal response to the loss of a loved one. The grief experience is not a state but a process. Most individuals recover adequately within a year after the loss; however, when individuals experience an extension of the standard grieving process, they are said to be experiencing prolonged grief disorder, thought to result from failure to transition from acute to integrated grief. Therefore, validating tools related to grief in different cultures can provide the ground for measuring its concept by the culture to understand the cultural differences of this structure. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties, reliability, and validity of PG-13-R. Methods: Data were collected from two independent samples of 285 (exploratory factor analysis) and 241 (confirmatory factor analysis) mourning adults to determine whether the findings explored in one sample can be verified in another. Face and content validity were measured quantitatively and qualitatively. Concurrent validity was measured using correlation coefficient calculation with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS.27 and AMOS.26 software. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal components and the Varimax method. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS.26 software. Results: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the two-factor structure with emergent distress, detachment, and meaninglessness factors. These factors had acceptable internal consistency. PG-13-R factors had good convergence validity with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bereavement experience (P< 0.05). Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) was 0.78 for Distress and 0.79 for Detachment and Meaning factor, and 0.87 for the whole scale, indicating good internal consistency Conclusion: PG-13-R is a useful and reliable tool for measuring PGD symptoms in the Iranian population. It is suggested that future studies examine this scale in people who have been bereaved for various reasons, including (death by suicide, sudden death, and death by accident).

The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise program, a mindfulness training program, and a integration of aerobic exercise and mindfulness training on the academic performance of fourth-grade female students. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design including a control group. The statistical population consisted of all fourth-grade female students from public elementary schools in Amol city during the academic year 2020-2021, from which 90 students were selected through convenience sampling and assigned to four groups: aerobic exercise program, mindfulness training, integration of aerobic exercise and mindfulness, and a control group (each experimental group consisting of 23 participants and the control group consisting of 21 participants). Subsequently, 18 sessions of 30-minute training were designed and conducted every other day. To collect data in the pre-test and post-test, the Academic Performance Questionnaire by Fam and Taylor (EPT) was used. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS22 software. The results indicated a significant difference in the academic performance of participants in all three groups: aerobic exercise program (Eta=0.59), mindfulness training (Eta=0.49), and the integration of aerobic exercise and mindfulness (Eta=0.56) compared to the control group (P≤0.05). However, participants in the integration group of aerobic exercise and mindfulness performed better than the other two training groups. These results suggest that integrating mindfulness training and aerobic exercise can be an effective strategy for improving the academic performance of fourth-grade female students.

Most studies on placebo mechanisms rely on Expectancy Theory, which suggests that conceptual expectations can bring about physiological change. However, the exact processes underlying this effect remain unclear. Perceptual Symbol Systems (PSS) Theory, grounded in Embodied Cognition Theory, offers a more specific explanation: mental representations grounded in sensory-motor systems may directly evoke bodily responses. This study tested whether embodied primes, based on PSS Theory, elicit stronger placebo responses than traditional expectancy-based suggestions. Using a within-subjects design, 71 university students underwent a cold pressure task under three conditions: (1) verbal suggestion of an analgesic cream, (2) visual priming with a photo of a person looking upward, and (3) combined visual-motor priming, where participants also looked upward themselves. The placebo response was measured by changes in pain intensity and heart rate. Results showed that both embodied conditions (visual and visual-motor priming) produced stronger placebo responses than the verbal suggestion condition, as indicated by lower pain intensity and reduced heart rate (F(2,140)=5.83; p<.01). However, the difference between the two embodied conditions was not statistically significant in terms of pain ratings. Notably, visual-motor priming led to a greater reduction in heart rate than visual priming alone (F(6,330)=1.99; p=.06), suggesting a subtle additive effect of motor engagement. These findings support the role of unconscious embodied processes—specifically, perceptual and motor representations—in modulating placebo responses. They offer a promising direction for understanding how non-verbal bodily cues may influence the complex perception of pain.