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Objective : Athlete burnout remains a significant concern in competitive sports, with growing evidence highlighting its detrimental effects on performance and mental health. This study examined the efficacy of a Choice Theory-based intervention in reducing burnout symptoms by enhancing autonomy and psychological need satisfaction among elite athletes. Method: Using a longitudinal, randomized controlled design, 156 elite athletes (aged 18–32) from endurance, team, and skill-based sports were allocated to either an 8-week Choice Theory intervention group or a control group receiving standard mental skills training. The intervention incorporated weekly workshops on need identification, cognitive restructuring ("choose to" vs. "have to" thinking), and autonomy-supportive goal setting, alongside coach training in autonomy-supportive communication. Burnout was assessed using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), while psychological needs were measured via the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BPNSSS). Physiological markers (salivary cortisol, heart rate variability) provided objective stress indicators. Results : Results demonstrated significant reductions in emotional exhaustion (p < 0.01, d = 0.72) and sport devaluation (p < 0.05, d = 0.54) in the intervention group compared to controls at 12-month follow-up. Mediation analysis revealed that increased autonomy (β = -0.38, p < 0.001) and competence (β = -0.29, p < 0.01) fully mediated burnout reduction. Physiological data corroborated these findings, with improved HRV recovery (p < 0.05) and lower cortisol levels (p < 0.01) in the intervention group. Conclusions : These findings support Choice Theory as an effective framework for athlete burnout prevention, emphasizing the critical role of autonomy-supportive environments in sustaining long-term athlete well-being. The study advances current practice by demonstrating that structural changes in coaching approaches—particularly empowering athletes with meaningful choices—can significantly mitigate burnout risk. Future research should explore the generalizability of these effects across diverse athletic populations and cultural contexts.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) impose a heavy burden on individuals, organizations, and governments.Aim: The purpose of this study was to provide information about WMSDs and working posture. This information can be helpful in designing preventive programs.Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytical study. 207 subjects participated in this study. For WMSDs investigation and postural assessment during work, Nordic Questionnaire and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method were used, respectively. Gathered data from research variables measurement analyzed using Chi-square test and descriptive statistics. A p value of equal or less than 0.05 took into account to be statistically significant.Results: The most prevalent work–related musculoskeletal disorder was found in lower back region, the percentage for large, medium and small ships staff was 58%, 61.7% and 45.1%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between WMSDs in neck (P=0.001), hands and wrists (P=0.02), back (P=0.04) and knees (P=0.001) and used ship by staff. A higher proportion of level four corrective action, was found in small ship staff.Conclusion: WMSDs are prevalent among staff of all ships. WMSDs are more prevalent in lower back. Also, immediate change in posture and investigation is more necessary in small ship staff.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of yoga exercises on fatigue, balance, muscle strength and neurological disorders in women with multiple sclerosis. This was a semi-experimental study, for this purpose, pre and post-test study design (experimental group and control group) were used. 42 women with MS in Khomein city participated in this study and divided into two control (age: 33.3±6.2, height: 164.6±4.4, weight: 71.1± 7.3 and BMI: 26.4±2.9) and experimental group (age: 38.3±4.5, height: 160.8±7, weight: 68.5±14/6 and BMI: 26.4±4.8). The exercises were based on cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and yoga exercises, which was an 8-week program (3 sessions of 60 minutes per week). A quesinnaire, Berg balance test, Standing stork test, Tug, chair test and neurological disorders test were used to collect data. Kolmogorov Smirnov, dependent and independent t test, and Cohen's D test were used in the SPSSV25 software environment to analys data. Level of significant was 0.05. The findings of this study showed that yoga exercises leads to reduce fatigue level(P≤0.05), improve static and dynamic balance (P≤0.05), increase lower body muscle strength (P≤0.05) and leads to decrese neurological disorders (P≤0.05) in women with MSm(P≤0.05). In conclusion it can sugusted to trainers and MS patients' authorities to utilize this method in to minimiz balance problems, improve strength, endurance and also nurological disorders of affected individuals. Thi sapproach can be considered as a new method in their rehabilitation exercise program

Relationship marketing is considered an influential factor in changing customer purchasing behavior and plays an important role in the development of sport clubs' brand equity. This research aims to investigate the role of relationship marketing on brand equity with the mediating role of brand identification and brand experience in Isfahan fitness clubs during the year 2024. The study is applied in nature and was conducted using a survey method. The research instruments included standard questionnaires measuring relationship marketing, brand equity, brand identification, and brand experience. The reliability coefficients of the questionnaires were estimated at 0.82, 0.81, 0.86, and 0.74, respectively. The statistical population consisted of 384 customers of Isfahan fitness clubs. The findings revealed that relationship marketing had a significant impact on brand equity (β=0.33, t=6.94, p<0.01), brand identification (β=0.48, t=11.17, p<0.01), and brand experience (β=0.55, t=15.86, p<0.01). Additionally, brand identification (β=0.32, t=6.72, p<0.01) and brand experience (β=0.24, t=5.16, p<0.01) had a significant effect on brand equity. Since previous studies have mostly focused on the importance of relationship marketing in non-sport organizations, the present research underscores the importance of evaluating its effect on brand equity in sport clubs, considering the mediating role of brand identification and experience.

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the modification of hesitant customers’ mental models in sports clubs. The research employed a qualitative approach, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Data were collected through interviews, and the study's validity and reliability were confirmed based on the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. In total, 13 interviews were conducted with experts, including university professors, managers, and coaches of sports clubs, continuing until theoretical saturation and data adequacy were achieved. The collected data were then analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. The findings revealed 56 basic themes, which were organized into 14 structured themes and 5 overarching themes. The structured themes included specialized knowledge, adaptation, synergy, environmental management, customer management, task organization, customer acquisition, communication and follow-up, accountability, design and development, quality enhancement, neuromarketing, mental model recognition, and advertising. The overarching themes encompassed expertise, management, communication, services, and marketing. To modify the mental models of hesitant sports club customers, it is essential to focus on the identified indicators, thereby creating conditions that encourage these customers to engage with sports clubs.