درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study investigates the impact of Iranian EFL learners' motivational goal orientations on their behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement in the classroom. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, the research involved 200 intermediate EFL learners from language schools in Iran, who completed the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT), a Goal Orientation Survey, and a Student Engagement Questionnaire. The results show that mastery goal orientations, both approach and avoid, positively predict these engagement dimensions, while performance goal orientations do not significantly affect engagement. The findings highlight the importance of fostering mastery goals to enhance student engagement and improve language learning outcomes. The implications of this study suggest that educators should create a supportive learning environment that emphasizes mastery goals, thereby facilitating deeper engagement and better academic performance among EFL learners. This study investigates the impact of Iranian EFL learners' motivational goal orientations on their behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement in the classroom. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, the research involved 200 intermediate EFL learners from language schools in Iran, who completed the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT), a Goal Orientation Survey, and a Student Engagement Questionnaire. The results show that mastery goal orientations, both approach and avoid, positively predict these engagement dimensions, while performance goal orientations do not significantly affect engagement. The findings highlight the importance of fostering mastery goals to enhance student engagement and improve language learning outcomes. The implications of this study suggest that educators should create a supportive learning environment that emphasizes mastery goals, thereby facilitating deeper engagement and better academic performance among EFL learners.

Improving the way of designing syllabus by making it more tailored to the needs and interest of the learners has been an important objective in language teaching, which leads to selecting and grading instructional materials with a consistent attention. This study focused on studying some dark areas of material selection in language teaching, aiming to make instructional materials more attractive to learners. There was also an attempt to see if learner's interest could affect reading and grammar differently. Lastly, the research also sought to find learners' perception on the use of interest in material selection and its possible effect in their performance. A mixed-method design was used to answer the research questions. The findings and results revealed that the use of interest in selecting class materials helped learners have better performance in reading, and the improvement showed a high correlation with learners' performance in grammar learning. Furthermore, the results of the questions asking for learners' perceptions disclosed the effectiveness of integrating interest to teaching materials in language learning. Researchers and teachers are suggested to seek ways to assist the syllabus planners to grow achievement by changing the materials to be more interesting, which can facilitate the language teaching and learning.

In spite of numerous extant studies on IELTS test-taking techniques, insufficient research has examined the effect of such techniques on reading performance among IELTS test-takers across proficiency levels. Therefore, this study, adopting an explanatory mixed-methods design, investigated the potential effect of test-taking techniques on IELTS reading scores gained by B1 and B2 level learners. The sample comprised 62 B1-level and 63 B2-level learners. The participants were placed into four groups consisting of two experimental and two control groups. In the two experimental groups, 17 reading test-taking techniques were explicitly taught and practiced. The four groups took reading pretest and posttest before and after the treatment. Ultimately, 15 participants from each experimental group partook in semi-structured interviews. The quantitative analysis showed the significant effect of teaching test-taking techniques on both B1 and B2-level learners' reading performance scores with the B1-level learners outperforming their B2-level counterparts. As for the qualitative data analysis, the results yielded eight themes for B1-level learners and seven themes for B2-level learners. Also, the results indicated that B1-level learners earned a notably higher number theme instances than B2-level learners. The results are discussed and implications for language learning, teaching, and testing are provided.

This study compared the impact of interactive meta-linguistic feedback on the learning and retention of grammatical structures among Iraqi EFL learners. The study used a quasi-experimental design with 62 intermediate-level male students separated into three groups: one receiving interactive meta-linguistic feedback, another receiving traditional meta-linguistic feedback, and a control group that received no feedback. Pre-tests, immediate post-tests, and delayed post-tests were used to assess participants' knowledge of the following grammatical structures: present perfect, present perfect continuous, future, and future perfect. The results showed that interactive meta-linguistic feedback greatly improved both grammatical structure learning and retention when compared to other types of input. This study emphasizes the significance of feedback in language acquisition and proposes that interactive approaches may be more effective in promoting grammatical accuracy among EFL learners. This study compared the impact of interactive meta-linguistic feedback on the learning and retention of grammatical structures among Iraqi EFL learners. The study used a quasi-experimental design with 62 intermediate-level male students separated into three groups: one receiving interactive meta-linguistic feedback, another receiving traditional meta-linguistic feedback, and a control group that received no feedback. Pre-tests, immediate post-tests, and delayed post-tests were used to assess participants' knowledge of the following grammatical structures: present perfect, present perfect continuous, future, and future perfect.

This quasi-experimental study investigated the comparative effects of two instructional approaches – cooperative learning and a hybrid model integrating cooperative and competitive elements – on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' writing proficiency. Participants (n = 23) were female EFL learners aged 16 to 45 (Mage = 30.5) selected through convenience sampling and homogenized based on their Preliminary English Test scores. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. Both groups received pre- and post-tests. The experimental groups received instruction using either a cooperative learning approach or a hybrid approach incorporating both cooperative and competitive elements. Repeated Measures ANOVA was employed to analyze the data. Results indicated that the hybrid approach significantly outperformed the cooperative learning approach in enhancing learners' writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency. These findings suggest that integrating competitive elements within a cooperative framework can significantly improve EFL learners' writing proficiency, offering valuable pedagogical implications for educators and materials developers.

This study aimed to examine the predictive relationship between self-advocacy, resilience, and adaptive behavior in adults with ADHD. A correlational descriptive research design was used, with a sample of 400 adults with ADHD recruited through online platforms and mental health clinics. Participants completed standardized assessments, including the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-Third Edition (ABAS-3) for adaptive behavior, the Self-Advocacy Measure for Youth and Adults (SAMYA), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression in SPSS-27 to evaluate the relationships between self-advocacy, resilience, and adaptive behavior. Descriptive statistics indicated moderate levels of adaptive behavior (M = 85.32, SD = 9.87), self-advocacy (M = 60.41, SD = 11.56), and resilience (M = 69.87, SD = 14.92). Pearson correlation results revealed significant positive associations between adaptive behavior and both self-advocacy (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and resilience (r = 0.62, p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression showed that self-advocacy and resilience collectively accounted for 44% of the variance in adaptive behavior (F(2, 397) = 45.82, p < 0.01, R² = 0.44). However, when examined separately, self-advocacy (B = -0.09, p = 0.024) had a significant negative predictive effect, while resilience (B = -0.022, p = 0.502) was not a significant predictor. The findings suggest that while both self-advocacy and resilience are correlated with adaptive behavior, their individual predictive effects differ, with self-advocacy playing a more prominent role. These results highlight the importance of fostering self-advocacy skills in adults with ADHD to enhance adaptive functioning. Further research is needed to explore moderating factors that may influence these relationships.

The primary aim of this quasi-experimental study was to delve into the contrasting effects of In-text Feedback and Rubric-based Feedback on the writing performance and self-efficacy of Iranian Intermediate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. To do so, 120 intermediate female English language learners between the ages of 12 and 16 were recruited based on non-random convenience sampling method from an English language institute to take Oxford Placement Test (OPT) to ensure a homogenized group of participants. Then, 60 participants whose scores fell within one standard deviation below and above the mean OPT score were recruited. The selected participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the in-text group, the rubric-based group, and the control group, with each group consisting of 20 students. Each group also took writing pre-test and completed self-efficacy questionnaire before the treatment. Next, the participants engaged in the assigned writing activities which were similar and received relevant feedback types for ten sessions. After the treatment, all groups took writing post-test and completed the self-efficacy questionnaire again. The results revealed that both in-text feedback and rubric-based feedback had a statistically significant effect on the writing performance of the learners. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the effect of in-text feedback versus rubric-based feedback on writing performance. In terms of self-efficacy, both types of feedback showed a statistically significant effect. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of in-text feedback and rubric-based feedback on self-efficacy. The findings of the study carry important implications for various stakeholders involved in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning, including learners, teachers, language centers, and teacher trainers.

Abstract This research covers the differences in some of the interactional competence components, such as topic management, turn management, non-verbal behavior, breakdown repair, and interactive listening, among Iraqi elementary and advanced EFL learners. In relation to both the face-to-face and virtual environments, this article tries to divulge how the said competencies of these learners change with task types—opinion exchange and jigsaw tasks—and educational setting. A mixed-methods design was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data through recordings in both learning environments. Statistical comparison showed that there were significant differences between the interactional competence components for elementary and advanced learners across the two environments. Particularly, advanced learners took turns more efficiently and listened interactively more successfully in face-to-face than in virtual settings; elementary learners struggled to manage topics in virtual compared to face-to-face settings. These findings have implications for EFL pedagogy, particularly in the area of improving virtual learning environments for interactional competence development. The discussion addresses some implications related to instructional design, pedagogical practices, and language assessment in EFL contexts. A mixed-methods design was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data through recordings in both learning environments. Statistical comparison showed that there were significant differences between the interactional competence components for elementary and advanced learners across the two environments. Particularly, advanced learners took turns more efficiently and listened interactively more successfully in face-to-face than in virtual settings; elementary learners struggled to manage topics in virtual compared to face-to-face settings. These findings have implications for EFL pedagogy, particularly in the area of improving virtual learning environments for interactional competence development. The discussion addresses some implications related to instructional design, pedagogical practices, and language assessment in EFL contexts.

The study aims to investigate the influence of image-based and text-based concept maps on the reading comprehension abilities of Iranian Intermediate EFL learners. A total of 90 learners participated in the study, consisting of 55 females and 35 males, all between the ages of 18 and 32. Participants were selected from intact classes at three English language schools in Sabzevar, Iran. This research was organized as a quasi-experimental study, in which the participants were segmented into two experimental groups and one control group. The intervention lasted for five weeks, with two sessions each week, each session running for one hour and thirty minutes. The outcomes from the assessments were analyzed using an independent sample t-test and ANOVA test, revealing that the image-based concept map instructional approach improved learners' reading comprehension. In terms of cognitive understanding and creativity, students who utilized image-based concept mapping outperformed their peers in the text-based mapping group. Additionally, the findings indicated that the image-based concept map teaching strategy could assist students in obtaining a more profound understanding of reading materials. Teachers might consider integrating visual mapping techniques to encourage deeper comprehension and facilitate more meaningful learning experiences, which could ultimately lead to better academic performance in language learning contexts.

This paper discusses the use of figures of speech and communicative intentions behind such stylistic choices in British political interviews. By using a qualitative stylistic framework based on the models of Simpson (2004) and Leech and Short (2007), this research investigates the usage of metaphors, similes, and analogies by British politicians between 2009 and 2024. This study has found that such rhetorical devices are strategically utilized to reduce intricacy, create emotional appeals, and command authority. Key findings underline the fact that key metaphors constitute the framing of policies in an accessible and positive light, reinforcement of political positionality through similes, and projection of competence and trust through analogies. This is a very significant lacuna in literature, as almost all previous studies have focused on rhetorical devices in American political speeches rather than British interviews. It tries to show the purposes of such stylistic strategies and allow a bigger understanding of political communication in British contexts to linguists, political strategists, and media analysts. The findings point up the centrality of language in the engendering of public perception and offer insight into the persuasive functions of rhetorical devices in contemporary political discourse.

Writing proficiency is a key factor in the development of language skills and there are different approaches to writing development. This study sought to investigate the effect of flipped classroom, interactive classroom, and the integration of two approaches on Iranian advanced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ writing performance. Eighty-five Iranian learners enrolled in EFL programs at the Sokhan English Institution in Guilan, Iran, participated in this quasi-experimental research. There were both male and females. After homogenizing them with the Oxford Placemen, they were divided into three experimental groups: the flipped classroom, the interactive classroom, and the integration of two approaches. Three instruments were used to collect data: the Oxford placement test, the pretest, and the posttest of writing. They had 13 sessions of treatment. Data analysis by ANCOVA revealed that both flipped classroom, and interactive classroom positively impacted the writing skills of EFL learners. However, the group receiving the integration of flipped and interactive approaches treatment outperformed in its effect on learners' writing performance. The current research findings could assist creators of textbooks, educational organizers, material developers, language institutions, educators, and students in creating a more effective environment for learning foreign languages and enhancing writing skills.

The tripartite V3SK model, integrating values, skills, and knowledge, has been explored in various educational contexts but remains underutilized in English language teaching. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the V3SK model on Iranian high school students’ grammar achievement using an explanatory mixed-methods design. Participants included 43 high school teachers and 452 pre-intermediate level students, selected based on standardized placement tests. Teachers were randomly divided into groups of experimental (N = 22) and control (N = 21). The experimental group participated in 15 training sessions focused on the V3SK model dimensions. Subsequently, students from both groups completed a researcher-designed grammar pretest and received 20 sessions of instruction over three months, followed by a posttest. Quantitative data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U tests, revealing significantly higher grammar achievement in the experimental group. Qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with 15 experimental group teachers identified 11 themes that explain the model's contributions, including enhanced motivation, innovative teaching, and differentiated instruction. These findings underscore the V3SK model's potential for improving grammar instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings, offering valuable insights for teacher education and curriculum development.

Consolidating the students’ L1 permits instructors to supply clear clarifications and moderate potential challenges in comprehension. By recognizing the esteem of L1, instructors can advance more successful dialect instruction. Hence, this ponder investigated the essential variables influencing Iranian instructors’ utilization of L1 in EFL classrooms. The members of the think-about group were chosen through comfort inspection. A pairwise survey was conducted, and 32 tall school English instructors from Gorgan, Golestan, Iran, reacted to the questions. Along these lines, 20 instructors out of 32 were chosen based on their level of instruction and the consistency of their reactions. They were counseled on how the pairwise survey was answered to get more reliable reactions. After analyzing the information utilizing the Master Choice computer program and Explanatory Chain of command Handle (AHP), it was uncovered that instructors, for the most part, favored utilizing L1 to decrease negative full of feeling channels in a classroom environment, such as making less tense environment, additionally improving positive emotional channels like motivating the learners. It was also concluded that the other reasons behind the teacher's L1 utilization were for classroom administration purposes, social targets, and cognitive engagement of the understudies. The discoveries of this thinking suggest that EFL instructors and TEFL approach producers join L1 in teaching-learning and prepare more viably and intentionally.