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The conflict between Palestinians and the Jews has been ongoing for seven decades. Despite numerous proposed solutions from the United Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and various countries involved in the issue, the crisis persists. The past three decades of right-wing leadership in Israel have shown that supported by major European powers and the US, meaningful negotiations are not anticipated from Israel. Meaningful talks would involve agreements on recognizing Palestine, affirming Palestinian sovereignty, establishing an independent Palestinian state, allowing for the return of displaced populations and determining the status of Jerusalem as the capital. The ascension of the extreme right in Israel has clouded the prospects for peace, augmenting the Israeli demands for more privilege, while sidelining those of the other side. This article posits that Israel's negotiation approach under the right-wing is built on a zero-sum mentality, with minimal concessions offered to the Palestinians. Moreover, its various political, security and economic pressures on Palestinians, along with sustained US and EU sanctions and its military superiority, render any peace model unattainable. This uncompromising approach, intended to impose unilateral conditions and prolong talks to thwart the establishment of an independent Palestinian state, accounts for the recurrent failure of negotiations. Israel's aim in these talks appears to demoralize the Palestinians and prevent the realization of their aspirations by imposing “the real”.

Türkiye’s energy diplomacy suffered from political volatility and shifting priorities since World War II, but the AKP’s 2002 electoral victory marked a transformative shift. The research aims to answer the question of what has been the strategies of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in the field of energy diplomacy to solve the country’s energy challenges? Using a mixed-methods approach (qualitative case study and quantitative statistical analysis) to assess its energy diplomacy the purpose is to determine how energy diplomacy has evolved under AKP rule and its implications for Türkiye’s energy security and geopolitical influence. Findings reveal a three-tiered strategy: (1) diversifying energy sources, suppliers, and routes to reduce dependency; (2) expanding transit infrastructure to position Türkiye as a Eurasian energy hub; and (3) leveraging energy ties to enhance geopolitical influence. These measures stabilized supply, attracted investment, and elevated Türkiye’s strategic importance. By integrating domestic reforms with assertive diplomacy, the AKP transformed Türkiye into a key player in global energy politics, balancing economic needs with geopolitical ambitions.

Objective: The issue of Imamate and community leadership is the most enduring intellectual topic among Muslims. Within this, the perspective of mysticism and the thought of mystics on Imamate and leadership has received less attention. This article, focusing on the school of Ibn Arabi and the works of Nurbakhsh, critically studies how the scope of guardianship was expanded from spiritual guardianship to political guardianship—a development that, in a manner, provided the intellectual foundation for the Safavid Shaykhs in establishing the Safavid dynasty. Method: The present study uses a combination of three methods, historical, comparative, and analytical, within the framework of the History of Thought. Based on the works of Nurbakhsh and through an intra-textual analysis of said works, this study examines and elucidates the various dimensions of this perspective on Imamate and community leadership, while also presenting its underlying reasons and contexts for critical evaluation. Findings: An examination of the lived history of mystics and their mystical viewpoints reveals three perspectives on the relationship between religious law and spiritual reality: A) Reality without Law, B) Reality within the framework of law, and C) Law within the framework of Reality. The rethinking of the concepts of independent legal reasoning and struggle by mystics such as Ibn Arabi, and its detailed representation in the thoughts and works of Nurbakhsh, gives rise to the third perspective. This perspective paved the manner for the expansion of the scope of Vilayah from inner guardianship to outer guardianship. In this sense, exoteric Ijtihād is elevated to "Revelatory Ijtihād " and becomes the axis for understanding religion. The position of the Imam, who simultaneously possesses the qualifications for both the lesser and greater jihad, becomes embodied in a single individual. Conclusion: Nurbakhsh divides the Imamate of the community into two categories: "Real Imamate" and "Relative Imamate." He considers a saint who possesses all the characteristics of Imamate as the holder of "Real Imamate." He regards other saints as Imams to the extent that they possess those attributes, calling their Imamate "Relative Imamate." According to this framework, many of the Shi'a Imams are categorized under relative Imamate, as they do not simultaneously possess all the characteristics described for the community's Imam in "Mystical Jurisprudence."