درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The concept of the embodiment of deeds is discussed within the framework of Islamic eschatology, specifically concerning the afterlife, the recompense of actions, and divine justice. This study investigates the embodiment of deeds as reflected in Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) and examines its alignment with Islamic eschatological principles. Drawing on Qur’anic verses, Hadiths, and the philosophical insights of Allameh Tabataba'i, the research emphasizes the intrinsic connection between actions, the soul, and their eternal forms. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, over one hundred NDE accounts from Iranian Shi'a Muslims were analyzed. The findings reveal various forms of embodiment, including the manifestation of significant physical actions, spiritual qualities, and the perception of life events and their consequences. The study concludes that the ontological nature of NDEs corresponds closely to the initial stages of the intermediary realm (Barzakh), based on Tabataba'i perspective. By bridging empirical observations with Islamic teachings on divine justice and the system of reward and punishment, the research offers new insights into the interconnectedness of human actions and their spiritual realities. This multidisciplinary approach enriches contemporary discourse on the afterlife, highlighting the transformative potential of NDEs in fostering moral and spiritual awareness. The research further demonstrates that the embodiment of deeds, as reported in NDEs, is substantiated by both reason and revelation, with Qur’anic-philosophical interpretations from Allameh Tabataba'i providing a robust explanatory framework.

The purposefulness of divine actions is an important religious issue among thinkers. Belief in God's knowledge, wisdom, power, and justice requires the purposefulness of God's actions. This research is based on Rene Descartes' view on the answer to the question of determining the purposefulness of divine actions, which has been carried out through a descriptive-analytical method. In findings chapter, it explains Descartes' point of view in two areas of “the principle of the purposefulness of divine actions and the possibility of knowing the goals of divine actions. While confirming the first area of his view, in the second area and based on extra-religious evidence (reason) and internal religious foundations (Qur'an and hadiths), the raised misconception has been criticized and investigated. The result of the research shows that despite believing in the purposefulness of divine actions, Descartes considers it impossible to access and know the ultimate cause in divine actions due to human limitations, while in criticizing and confronting this matter and based on external evidence and teachings in the Qur’an and religion, divine actions not only have purpose, but also their recognition is possible and it has been acknowledged in various cases.

Exegetical theories of human knowledge include human understanding of the divine word. No textual theory is formed in a vacuum. The prominent events and currents in the society, both political and cultural, create discourses in the society. Social events such as Marxism, liberalism, nationalism and other schools, the formation of international institutions and human rights, the occurrence of religious reformism, the fight against colonialism in Islamic countries, etc. during the last century created discourses in the society that caused changes in scientific attitudes and human and Islamic sciences, and then, the interpretation of the Qur'an. Compared to the traditional interpretation of the past fourteen centuries, these discourses placed in the form of a re-thinking or new-thinking interpretation. According to the claim of the immortality of the Qur'an, this validity is responsible for its relevance to the times. The interpretation and reading of the Qur'an is responsible for this update. Therefore, this article tries to refer to the effective discourses in recent centuries with the help of social issues and analytical approach and to measure the reflection of these discourses and the new and innovative opinions of commentators and researchers in the form of concrete examples of the impact of these discourses. The selected discourses are the discourse of religious reformation and return to the Qur'an, the discourse of new schools and isms, and the discourse of experimental sciences. However, there are definitely other effective discourses that cannot be discussed in this article. The purpose of this research is to gain self-awareness in discourse-oriented interpretations and attempt to conceptualize discourses. It is an attempt to provide a framework for some of the effective factors in interpretive innovation.

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: Since the early centuries of Islam, there have been numerous discussions on the subjects of disbelief and faith, as well as examples of both in Islamic society, which refer to believers and disbelievers. Meanwhile, the authors of sectarian books like “Milal wa Nihal” have tackled this matter from a sectarian perspective, frequently attempting to differentiate the Heretical sects from the Saved ones. Based on this, this research aims to examine the approach of Islamic sect-historiographers on faith and disbelief and happiness and misery. METHOD & FINDING: Based on the works of Islamic Islamic sect-historiographers who have benefited from a descriptive-analytic approach, this study covers the first five centuries of Islamic history. Research indicates that the topic of faith and disbelief in the writings of Muslim sectarians is influenced by the sect to which they belonged, to the extent that the regulation and prioritization of this issue is evident in their works. CONCLUSION: The findings of the research demonstrate that Muslim sectarians occasionally attempt to disparage rival sects in their writings by employing improper language, blaming them for not believing in a Hereafter, or even accusing followers of other sects of being deviant Muslims.

امروزه اگر رفتار و اخلاق کارکنان نامناسب، منفی و انحرافی باشد، برای شرکت های معتبر به لحاظ اقتصادی، اعتباری و همچنین سلامت درون سازمانی تهدیدزا خواهد بود و این تهدید زمانی که شرکت مورد نظر دولتی باشد و در یک بازار به شدت رقابتی فعالیت کند، چندین برابر می گردد؛ بنابراین هدف مقاله، تعیین اقدامات اولویت دار برای مدیریت رفتارهای انحرافی و خلاف اخلاق حرفه ای به منظور ارتقای ارزش و جایگاه برند بیمهٔ ایران به عنوان یک بنگاه اقتصادی و خدمت رسانِ دولتی در صنعت رقابتی بیمه در نظر گرفته شد. مقاله حاضر به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر گردآوری داده ها، ترکیبی است. در این مقاله، ابتدا به روش کیفی فراترکیب، 51 اقدام مختلف برای مدیریت رفتارهای انحرافی و خلاف اخلاق حرفه ای احصا شد؛ در بخش میدانی به منظور تعیین اقدامات اساسی از بین اقدامات شمارش شده، فرم های نظرسنجی بین 30 نفر از مدیران ارشد بیمه ایران در سه استان شمالی گیلان، مازندران و گلستان، به نسبت مساوی توزیع شد. پس از گردآوری داده ها و تحلیل آنها با تکنیک دلفی-فازی و پس از رسیدن به اجماع طی 2 مرحله رفت و برگشت، 39 اقدام نهایی تعیین گردیده و به روش تحلیل مضمون در چهار دستهٔ اقدام ساختاری و سازمانی، بهبود وضعیت شغلی، مدیریتی و اجتماعی، فرهنگی و ارزشی کدگذاری شدند. در گام بعد، برای اولویت بندی اقدامات با توجه به معیارهای مالی و غیرمالیِ ارزش و جایگاه برند از روش فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی استفاده شد و پرسشنامه ای تخصصی حاوی 6 ماتریس مقایسات زوجی طراحی و بین 12 خبرهٔ بیمهٔ استان های شمالی به نسبت مساوی توزیع گردید. پس از گردآوری و تحلیل داده ها به کمک نرم افزار Expert  Choice نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که اقدامات بهبود ساختاری و سازمانی اولویت دارترین اقدام نسبت به هدف است.

بدون شک، اخلاق دینی یکی از مهم ترین مؤلفه های حیات انسانی است که بدون آن، جامعه بشری هویت حقیقی خود را از دست خواهد داد، اما امروزه نقد اخلاق دینی و تلاش برای کنار زدن گزاره های اخلاقی برآمده  از دین، دستمایه بسیاری از مخالفان دین و سردمداران الحاد  برای اثبات برتری اخلاق سکولار بر اخلاق دینی و حتی توجیه الحاد قرار گرفته است. جی. ال. مکی، فیلسوف خداناباور، از جمله کسانی است که با این هدف به نقد  اخلاق دینی پرداخته است؛  در این مقاله  به برررسی  آراء او در این زمینه می پردازیم. بر پایه یافته های این مقاله که به روش توصیفی تحلیلی به نگارش درآمده است،  اشکالات مکی تا حدودی بر پیش فرض های نظری او درباب خدا مبتنی است. علاوه بر این، نقدهای او بیش از آن که متوجه اخلاق دینی باشد متوجه گزاره های اخلاقی اصحاب کلیسا است. اخلاق اسلامی به عنوان نمونه کاملی از اخلاق دینی، به خوبی قادر است تمام اشکالات  مکی را پاسخ دهد.