درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present research is conducted to determine the effectiveness of Unified protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents (UP-A) on empathy and perceived social support, in bilingual middle school students. The statistical population of this study was comprised of bilingual students who studied of Tehran International School in the academic year of 2021-2022. A purposive method was used to select a sample of 30 students, and then they were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control groups, each of 15 students. A semi-experimental research method with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test design was used for both experimental and control groups. The experimental group received family-centered psycho-education based on emotion regulation between the pre-test and post-test. Two questionnaires, the EmQue-CA and MSPSS were employed, to measure empathy and perceived social support, respectively. A mixed variance analysis with repeated measures was the technique for data analysis. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the scores of empathy and perceived social support of the students between the two groups in post-test and follow-up test compared to the pre-test (p < 0.05). Considering the vulnerability of adolescents to psychological harm due to difficulties regulating emotions, UP-A programs with an emphasis on emotion regulation can be particularly suitable for the effective prevention of a wide range of psychological disorders and seems effective in enhancing student empathy and perceived social support. Therefore, implementing UP-A in schools would be a wise preventive measure against emotional problems of adolescents

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of anxiety in the relationship between parental conflict and adolescent sleep problems. Methods: A descriptive correlational design was employed using a sample of 404 adolescents from Pakistan, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie table. Participants completed standardized questionnaires measuring perceived parental conflict, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 for Pearson correlation analysis and AMOS-21 for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The assumptions of normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were confirmed prior to analysis. The SEM approach allowed for testing both direct and indirect pathways within the proposed mediation model. Findings: Results from Pearson correlation indicated significant positive associations between parental conflict and anxiety (r = .51, p < .001), anxiety and sleep problems (r = .55, p < .001), and parental conflict and sleep problems (r = .47, p < .001). The structural model demonstrated good fit indices (χ² = 204.38, df = 84, χ²/df = 2.43, GFI = 0.94, AGFI = 0.91, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.059). SEM analysis showed that parental conflict significantly predicted anxiety (b = 0.38, p < .001) and sleep problems (b = 0.19, p < .001), while anxiety significantly predicted sleep problems (b = 0.42, p < .001). The indirect effect of parental conflict on sleep problems through anxiety was also significant (b = 0.16, p < .001), confirming the mediating role of anxiety. Conclusion: The findings indicate that anxiety is a significant mediator in the relationship between parental conflict and adolescent sleep disturbances. These results underscore the need for family-based and anxiety-focused interventions to address sleep problems in adolescents exposed to high-conflict home environments.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy and transactional analysis on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in female patients with bipolar disorder. Methods: In this study, 20 women with bipolar disorder who referred to the Gyrus Specialty Neurology and Psychiatry Clinic in Tehran from April to August 2022 were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: mindfulness-based therapy, transactional analysis therapy, and a control group. All participants completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) by Rosen et al. (2000) and the Sexual Satisfaction Scale by Larson et al. (1998) before and after the intervention. The mindfulness-based therapy group underwent eight 90-to-120-minute sessions held twice a week, while the transactional analysis group received treatment in nine 60-to-120-minute sessions held twice a week. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis. Findings: The results indicated that both mindfulness-based therapy and transactional analysis therapy had an effect on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in female patients with bipolar disorder. Moreover, a comparison of the effectiveness of the two therapeutic approaches across all dimensions showed that mindfulness-based therapy had a greater impact on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in female patients with bipolar disorder compared to transactional analysis. Conclusion: Therefore, the use of mindfulness-based therapy is recommended in psychology clinics.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the components of enhancing dyadic ego strength (facilitating the transition from "I-ness" to "We-ness" in marital relationships) specifically for married individuals. The research setting included all texts related to the concept of "We-ness." Methods: The method for selecting texts was purposive sampling from among the aforementioned texts or related constructs within the time frame of 2010 to 2025, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The number of texts was determined according to the principle of data saturation. Data collection involved line-by-line analysis of texts based on questions relevant to the concept of "We-ness." The data obtained from the textual analysis were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method proposed by Hsieh and Shannon (2005). Findings: Content analysis of the texts revealed that dyadic ego consists of four key concepts: (1) essence (with sub-concepts of attention to marital union and dyadic identity); (2) dimensions of dyadic ego (with sub-concepts of cognitive, positive emotional, negative emotional, and behavioral aspects); (3) pathways to achieving dyadic ego (with sub-concepts of generative meaning of the marital bond, family values, and family goals); and (4) obstacles to achieving dyadic ego (with sub-concepts of individualism, lack of self-differentiation, and insecure attachment). Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that dyadic ego is a mechanism that transforms the process of "I-ness" into "We-ness," and for its realization, couples must engage in pathways to attain it and overcome its obstacles.

Objective: This study aims to examine the effectiveness of reflective parenting training on emotion regulation and the parent-child relationship in mothers with children under 6 years of age. Method: This is a quantitative study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design involving an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population includes all mothers with children under 6 years old in Isfahan. For sampling, a purposive sampling method was used by visiting kindergartens in Isfahan, and 30 participants were selected based on the cut-off point of the questionnaires and inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (15 people) and a control group (15 people). Subsequently, reflective parenting training sessions based on the Bateman and Fonagy (2001) protocol were conducted for the experimental group, while the control group received no intervention. The research instruments included the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Pianta, 1992) and the Emotion Regulation Inventory (Shield & Cicchetti, 1995). The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests (repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test) and SPSS software. Findings: Given that the calculated F-value for between-group effects (group membership effect), within-group effects (time effect), and the interactive effect of group and time was significant at the 99% confidence level (P < 0.01), these results indicate a significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, it suggests that this significant difference exists at least at one time point during the intervention among the research groups. The Bonferroni post hoc test results showed differences in adaptive emotion regulation, instability/negativity, and the parent-child relationship scores during the research stages between the experimental groups (P < 0.01). In other words, the reflective parenting intervention had a significant impact on improving the research variables. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that this intervention was effective on the research variables and confirms that this approach can be used as an effective strategy in improving parental abilities and reducing psychological challenges in mothers during the parenting period.

Objective: This study aimed to develop and test a structural equation model for predicting marital conflict based on early maladaptive schemas, gender stereotypes, and emotional needs, with the mediating role of coping styles. Methods and Materials: The research adopted a correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included 1,760 married men and women with marital conflicts who had sought counseling services in Tehran in 2024. Using purposive sampling, 500 participants were selected who had been married for at least six months and voluntarily completed six standardized questionnaires: the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, Bem Sex Role Inventory (short form), Emotional Needs Questionnaire, Young-Rigg Schema Avoidance Inventory, and Young’s Overcompensation Inventory. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS software through both descriptive and inferential statistics, including path coefficients and indirect effects. Findings: The results showed that disconnection and rejection schema (β = 0.413, p < 0.001), other-directedness (β = 0.214, p < 0.001), avoidance coping (β = 0.217, p < 0.001), and overcompensation coping (β = 0.122, p = 0.010) were significant direct predictors of marital conflict. Emotional needs significantly predicted both avoidance (β = 0.175, p = 0.014) and overcompensation coping (β = 0.246, p < 0.001). Gender stereotypes also played a role, with neutrality negatively predicting marital conflict (β = –0.229, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis confirmed significant indirect effects of impaired autonomy and emotional needs on marital conflict via avoidance coping, and of impaired limits and over-vigilance via overcompensation coping (p < 0.05). However, several indirect paths through gender stereotypes were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings support a comprehensive model where early maladaptive schemas, emotional needs, and gender stereotypes predict marital conflict through maladaptive coping styles. These insights can inform schema-based couple therapy by addressing cognitive-emotional vulnerabilities and promoting healthier coping mechanisms in marital relationships.