marriage

Philip Larkin in his two poems ‘Church Going’ and ‘The Whitsun Weddings’ moves away from doubt to certainty as regards the function of the two social institutions of church and marriage. This is a shift away from doubt in the functionality of these two institutions to certainty of their functionality and usefulness for society. These poems are the poems of thought in which he starts off by looking doubtfully at church and marriage so much so that when one reads the poems one thinks that Larkin is a disbeliever but gradually Larkin confirms church and marriage as great institutions. The shift in pronoun from ‘I’ to ‘we’ and ‘my’ to ‘our’ at the end of these two poems endorses his shift from individualism to socialism and makes the poems humanist poems.

Democratic family, as a new phenomenon in Iran, is based on some fundamental principles such as liberty, equality, rule of law, and tolerance. In this article, some of the important aspects of a democratic family in Iran will be explained and evaluated by applying conceptual analysis and critical evaluation. The family, which is characterized by middle class, rights, population and urbanization, marriage and divorce, violence, and nuclear family, lead to reasonable decision-making through dialogue and cooperation. The patriarchal mode of management in Iranian family has gradually changed into a collective decision-making, in which, the role of boys and girls are significant. These characteristics indicate that Iranian democratic family is a transitional process of social and political development in Iran.

Interreligious and intercultural marriages are very important and significant aspects in our traditional life. Some traditions do not allow these kinds of marriage. They are both contradictory from each other. A couple can achieve peace in their married life if they are able to overcome political interference and traditional requirements. Firstly, political interference is one of the massive barriers for an interreligious and intercultural marriage. One cannot accept another group of people. Sometimes, one group wants to achieve some extraordinary things. Even couples may not understand about the events they need to overcome. Those groups cannot see love or a covenantal entrance into a new life rather than a barrier. Stronger party wants to rule over another. Love becomes meaningless in their life. So, very few can overcome political interreligious and intercultural marriage. Secondly, traditional outlook is the main aspect in interreligious and intercultural marriages. Though there is love between newly married couples but when it comes upon traditional thinking then it will become worse. Tradition always forces them to convert from one religion to another or a couple may need to face emotional hatred, neglected in a new culture and society. Sometimes, they may lose their rights or not be allowed to accept a new culture. The Quran says a good thing about intercultural and interreligious marriage in verses 4:1, 4:19, 5:5, 60:10 but the Quran does not accept marriage with idol worshipers. In the Bible, Numbers 12:1-15, John 4:4-26, Eph 4:2-3, 1 Cor 7:12-15 marriage is all about love except some contradiction but tradition always searches for the wrong thing. So, marriage depends on love and peace not a fence or barrier like politics and tradition. It does not want to understand what to learn from their Holy Scriptures. In conclusion, it is necessary to understand that when we want to create barriers for interreligious and intercultural marriage, we do sin knowingly or unknowingly and divide them from each other. Marriage only depends on love, respect and peace with each other.

Meeting of marriage candidates each other before marriage to reach a final decision to marry or cancel it is so popular in the Islamic society of Iran that it is not even thought to be “denied” and even the most fanatical religious person cannot forbid it; While most jurisprudential schools have allowed seeing suddenly the girl’s face and hands to wrists for the proposal, and some have allowed the girl to see the boy’s face as well, provided that the proposal does not enjoy her if it happens involuntarily and by force, some have prescribed it only once for the proposal to see the girl, and some have prescribed to see her several times. Some jurists have prescribed seeing the female body more than the face and hands to wrists, and seeing the girl’s body behind a lace covering even with pleasure. However, most schools have forbidden meeting and talking, and some jurists have allowed it on the condition of not committing sin. The study of the opinions of all jurisprudential schools shows that these opinions are inferential and based on their own ijtihad. They are not an indisputable legal verdict. They are based on restricting marriage to the pleasure and enjoyment of couples, ignoring other aspects of marriage and limiting the relationship between men and women to a pleasurable relationship. Criticizing the jurisprudential opinions and their principles, it is concluded that the ruling to allow the marriage candidates to meet and talk to the extent of a definite.

Introduction: Article 206 of the Civil Code considers a forced transaction with defective consent valid. However, Article 190 of the Civil Code states that consent is a condition for the validity of a marriage. In addition, the emergency circumstance in jurisprudence led to a series of rulings and duties. Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical and uses the library technique. Conclusion: When one of the parties to the marriage, who is aware of the emergency circumstance of the other party, abuses this circumstance with the motive of profit-seeking and brings the other party into the marriage due to an emergency, the marriage is unfair and legally invalid. Iranian law has several opinions on abusing the emergency circumstance of people and imposing an unfair contract on them, including the theory of validity, non-intrusion, termination, and validity with the condition of adjustment or annulment, out of which the theory of non-interference has been chosen because it is fairer and more compatible with justice and preserves the distressed person's rights. In Iranian law, comparing the general rules of contracts with the marriage contract indicates that exclusiveness does not guarantee invalidity and termination of the marriage contract. On the other hand, the validity theory supports distressed people's rights. Therefore, the latter theory, i.e., non-intrusion, that guarantees fair execution when abusing distressed people and is accepted in the general rules of contracts, can be extended to the marriage contract as well.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived Islamic parenting and the desire to get married mediated by spiritual well-being in single students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Methods: The research method was descriptive and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). This study's statistical population included single students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad who were studying in 2021, among which 400 students were selected through purposeful sampling and completed these questionnaires: Islamic Parenting Questionnaire  of Maktobian Bharanchi et al., (2015), Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire of Golparvar et al., (2015),  and the student version of desire to get married questionnaire of Heydari, et al., (2004). Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: The Pearson correlation results showed a positive and significant correlation between perceived Islamic parenting and spiritual well-being with the desire to get married (p<0.05). In addition, results showed that perceived Islamic parenting could predict the desire to get married both directly and through spiritual well-being  and were significant (p<0.001). Conclusion:  According to the research findings, perceived Islamic parenting and spiritual well-being are the variables affecting the desire to get married in single students.

Aim: This qualitative study investigates the challenges faced by women with a history of parental divorce in their marriages. It aims to uncover the emotional, psychological, and relational difficulties stemming from parental divorce and their impact on marital dynamics. Method: Utilizing conventional content analysis, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with sixteen women from Qom Province during winter and summer of 2024 year, who had experienced parental divorce and are in their first marriages. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection involved recording and transcribing interviews, followed by coding and thematic analysis to identify recurring themes. Findings: The findings indicated six main categories: 1. Unresolved Past Painful Emotions, 2. Marital hurdles of Being a Child of Divorce, 3. Persistent Psychological Insecurity, 4. Deficiency in Skills Due to the Absence of Successful Life Models, 5. The Enduring Echoes of Parental Divorce, and 6. Growth After Experiencing the Trauma of Parental Divorce. Conclusion: Parental divorce profoundly impacts individuals' emotional and psychological well-being, influencing various aspects of their marital lives. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address these challenges, emphasizing mental health support and life skills training. Future research should explore gender differences, partner perspectives, and cross-cultural variations to develop comprehensive strategies for improving the marital experiences of individuals with a history of parental divorce.

Polygamy has been one of the rules of Islam and a common tradition among Muslims; this rule has been challenged by some Muslims, and it is one pretext with which the opposition attacks Islam. The purpose of this study is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of polygamy and to examine the reasons for and against it in an analytical and deductive manner.Findings: The reasons for permission for polygamy arethe Holy Quran, Sunna, manners of Muslims. The reasons for opponents are incompatibility with human nature, non-observance of justice by men, being unjust and masculine rule, a factor for men's voluptuousness, and the tradition of Prophet and Imam Ali when Hazrat Khadija and Fatima were alive. If we consider the rulings as subject to interests and corruption, the ruling on polygamy can be considered a function of time.It is permissible if its expedience is more than its corruption. If moral laws of Islam are implemented, the individual interests of polygamy are as follows: meeting the needs of women, personality development, upbreeding the orphans, the existence of male and female behavior models for orphans, maintaining the nobility of women and engaging men in a special commitment. If the moral laws of Islam are not observed, some of the evils of polygamy include inciting jealousy among women and enmity among children, as well as the prevalence of lust in men.Conclusion: The rules in Shiite jurisprudence are subject to interests and corruptions, and polygamy requires moral education in the society.

 Using a qualitative approach and the grounded theory, the present study seeks to analyze the perception of marriage by the university students in Isfahan. The field of the research was the state universities in Isfahan, including Isfahan University, Isfahan University of Technology, and the Medical University of Isfahan. The participants included thirty students of various fields of study at different levels of education. They were selected through purposeful-theoretical sampling, and the required data were derived from semi-structured in-depth interviews. The data analysis was performed by open, axial and selective coding processes and a paradigmatic model as the analytical tool. Also, the content validity of the research was evaluated with validation techniques, by an external expert, and through analytical comparisons. As the research findings indicated, university students’ perception of marriage can be discussed based on the components of a paradigmatic model, including causal conditions (i.e., underlying obstacles, failure phobia, limitation assumptions, mental imaging of marriage), intervening conditions (i.e., available alternatives, marriage patterns), background conditions (i.e., variation of roles, commercialization of marriage), strategies (individual and institutional ones), consequences (psychological, affective, social and economic ones), and the core category of ‘marriage as an unpredictable phenomenon’

Aim: Marriage is a social institution that forms the foundation of relationships and creates family units. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of transactional analysis on marital quality and positive thinking of married women in District 6 of Tehran in 2020. Methods: This quasi-experimental research was conducted with a pretest-posttest design and included a control group. Among the married women in the 6th district of Tehran who had enrolled in the Institute of Transactional Analysis Training, 34 individuals were selected using Purposive sampling, with 17 randomly assigned to the experimental group and 17 to the control group. The marital quality and positive thinking questionnaires were administered to subjects in the experimental group during the pretest phase, followed by implementing the independent variable (transactional analysis) in the experimental group through 9 three-hour sessions. The control group did not receive any training. After the final session, both groups completed the marital quality and positive thinking questionnaires in the post-test phase. The SPSS 19 software was utilized to conduct the covariance analysis test to analyze the data. Results: The value of F indicates the effect of transactional analysis training on marital quality (F=533.862; P=0.017), and positive thinking (F=14.67; P=0.001) demonstrates the impact of transactional analysis training on positive thinking and marital quality is confirmed after controlling for pretest effects and nuisance variables. Conclusion:This study reveals that transactional analysis impacts marital quality and positive thinking of married women. One of the most crucial functions of training is the ability to express one's needs to the spouse, leading to improvement in marital quality, specifically by reducing stress and anger. Additionally, by helping individuals identify and manage their emotions, transactional analysis training can help control negative emotions and improve their overall outlook, increasing positive thinking. This positive thinking, achieved through transactional analysis training, can improve individuals' mental and emotional well-being and reconstruct their damaged spirits.

Introduction: Unlike previous generations who adhered to a standard and predictable model of marriage, the modern world may offer new opportunities and ideas for marriage to younger generations. Some of these changes in the domain of marriage align with the overarching cultural master narratives of society and are widely accepted, while others may not be fully embraced but are nonetheless considered rational by some or even most members of the community. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of Generation Z’s (born between 1997 and 2012) attitudes toward marriage. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative research design. The sample consisted of 29 male and female participants aged 14 to 27 from Tehran, selected through voluntary sampling. Data were collected using focus conversation conducted in focus groups. For data analysis, the study utilized Braun and Clarke's (2022) reflexive thematic analysis approach. Results: The analysis revealed six main themes related to marriage: “meaning-making of marriage,” “partner selection,” “traditional family roles,” “premarital sex,” “parenthood,” and “marriage customs”. Conclusion: Findings indicate that that while marriage, as a sacred institution, remains intact and continues to be regarded by Generation Z as an implicit reference point with social, cultural, and Moral legitimacy, there is an observable shift away from a singular, fixed concept of marriage. Instead, marriage is increasingly being redefined and reinterpreted as an institution shaped by dynamic individual preferences, with its meaning, role, and significance subject to ongoing reconsideration.

Objective: The present study aimed to develop a pre-marital counseling model based on Davis's (2005) Work Adjustment Theory. Methods: The research was qualitative in nature and utilized content analysis. The environment for this study included all texts related to the aforementioned theory. Participants were selected purposefully from texts on work adjustment within the period from 2013 to 2022. The criterion for the number of texts was based on the principle of data saturation. The data collection method involved line-by-line examination of texts, based on questions related to the components of adjustment in this theory. Data derived from the text analysis were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method by Hsieh and Shannon (2005). Findings: The results of the content analysis indicated that all content from Davis's Work Adjustment Theory can be summarized into three main concepts: compatibility, interaction, and adjustment. When adapted to pre-marital counseling, these concepts were described as follows: the concept of compatibility is divided into two subcategories: satisfaction for the family and satisfaction with the family. The concept of interaction includes sub-concepts of adjustment styles. The third concept, adjustment, encompasses the style of managing marital life tasks. Accordingly, the compatibility-based pre-marital counseling model was designed based on these three dimensions. Conclusion: Overall, given the process of extracting this model, it can be qualitatively stated that this model is valid.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing the formation, continuation, and dissolution of Iranian marriages in the year 2022. Methods: This research utilized a qualitative method based on the Strauss and Corbin approach. A purposive selection of 10 experts, either faculty members or influential figures in decision-making centers for marriage and family affairs, were deeply interviewed. The data obtained from these experts provided a semi-structured questionnaire for interviews with 36 individuals, divided into three groups: formation, continuation, and dissolution of marriages. After each interview, data were coded and categorized according to the Strauss and Corbin method. Findings: In total, 2950 primary codes, 462 secondary codes, 97 concepts, 27 subcategories, and 9 main categories were identified, including external couple factors affecting formation, continuation, and dissolution; internal couple factors affecting formation, continuation, and dissolution; and individual factors affecting formation, continuation, and dissolution. Conclusion: The results indicated that the formation of marriage is influenced more by external couple factors than by any other factors. Although the continuation and dissolution of marriage are influenced by the nature of their formation, individual factors become important in these stages. It can be inferred that focusing on external couple factors before individual and internal couple factors in pre-marital counseling, and prioritizing individual factors in couple therapy and divorce counseling, may be more effective. It is recommended that the results of this study be used in planning, research, and therapeutic interventions in the field of marriage

Objective: This study aimed to qualitatively investigate the factors influencing remarriage attitudes in widowed women in Isfahan. Methods: The research employed a qualitative approach using thematic analysis. The research population consisted of widowed women from Isfahan who had experienced the death of their spouse at least three years prior to 2024. The sample size for this qualitative study was 17 participants, determined based on theoretical saturation, and a snowball sampling method was employed. To analyze the data obtained from the interviews, coding was performed using MAXQDA software. After organizing the initial codes, 13 organizing themes and 4 overarching themes were identified. Findings: Based on the findings, the factors influencing remarriage attitudes were classified into four main themes: cultural and social issues, perceptions of the future, emotional and sexual issues, and economic issues. The subthemes under these categories were as follows: the economic issues theme included two subthemes: living below the poverty line and job limitations. The emotional and sexual issues theme included four subthemes: the need for companionship with the opposite sex, the need for sexual relationships, availability of sexual partners, and the duality of fear and need. The perceptions of the future theme included three subthemes: uncertain outcomes, marital stability, and hopelessness about future marriages. The cultural and social issues theme included four subthemes: social deprivation, cultural stereotypes, rebuilding after the loss of a spouse, and gender stereotypes. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex factors influencing widowed women’s inclination towards remarriage, including economic, emotional, social, and cultural challenges, underscoring the need for tailored support and societal change.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the sources that shape mental constructs in the minds of the participants and their strategies for bringing their own lives closer to that of a successful marriage. Methods: This study employs a qualitative method. Research data were collected through 30 in-depth interviews with 15 Tehranian couples. The data were coded using MAXQDA software, version 2020. The number of participants was determined upon reaching saturation. In the first stage of coding, a total of 860 codes or initial concepts were extracted from the interview transcripts. Findings: The findings of the study indicate that mental constructs of marriage are acquired, modifiable, and constructed entities that are the result of family upbringing and parental relationships, the dominant society and culture, and personal experiences after marriage. The strategies provided by participants for maintaining or achieving a successful marriage amounted to 51 suggestions and strategies, with the highest levels of agreement and recurrence around concepts such as patience, mutual respect, learning problem-solving skills, self-restraint, and communication. Conclusion: This study highlights that mental constructs of successful marriage are shaped by family, lived experiences, and societal influences, emphasizing the importance of empathy, mutual respect, and communication for marital satisfaction and stability.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the strategies and consequences of non-marriage among single men. Methods and Materials: The study was carried out using a qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology. The study population consisted of men whose age ranged between 33 and 45 years, considering the average age of marriage for men in the city of Kazerun in 2023 was 30.9 years. All participants were residents of Kazerun County in Fars Province. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling based on inclusion/exclusion criteria until theoretical saturation was reached (15 participants). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's (1998) grounded theory approach, including open, axial, and selective coding. Findings: In the open coding phase, out of 232 identified codes, 33 open codes related to strategies and 56 open codes related to consequences were extracted. These codes were categorized into different concepts during axial coding. Finally, in the selective coding phase, the main categories and related outcomes of non-marriage were identified. The most significant strategies for not pursuing marriage included improving economic conditions, enhancing mental and physical well-being, developing alternative relationships, and seeking emotional or financial bonds. On the other hand, mental and psychological consequences, objective consequences, and environmental consequences were among the major outcomes associated with prolonged singlehood in men. These included negative emotions such as depression, isolation, wasted time and energy, and economic and social problems. Conclusion: This study revealed that the decision not to marry among men is the result of a combination of psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors that influence individual choices. Based on the findings, it is recommended that social and cultural policies aimed at supporting youth and facilitating marriage are essential. Moreover, identifying and thoroughly examining cultural and social barriers to marriage could help reduce the rate of singlehood and increase the willingness to marry among young people.