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Introduction: The concept of the “responsibility gap” in artificial intelligence (AI) was first raised in philosophical discussions to reflect concerns that learning and partially autonomous technologies may make it more difficult or impossible to attribute moral blame to individuals for adverse events. This is because in addition to designers, the environment and users also participate in the development process. This ambiguity and complexity sometimes makes it seem that the output of these technologies is beyond the control of human individuals and that no one can be held responsible for it, which is known as the “responsibility gap”. In this article, the issue of the responsibility gap in artificial intelligence technologies will be explained and strategies for the responsible development of artificial intelligence that prevent such a gap from occurring as much as possible are presented. Material and Methods: The present article examined responsibility gap in AI. In order to achieve this goal, related articles and books were examined. Conclusion: There have been various responses to the issue of the responsibility gap. Some believe that society can hold the technology responsible for its outcomes. Others disagree. Accordingly, only the human actors involved in the development of these technologies can be held responsible, and they should be expected to use their freedom and awareness to shape the path of technological development in a way that prevents undesirable and unethical events. In summary, the three principles of routing, tracking, and engaging public opinion and attention to public emotions in policymaking can be useful as three effective strategies for the responsible development of AI technologies.
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Introduction: The Federal Supreme Court in Iraq plays an important role in ensuring the superiority of moral custom and Islamic Sharia through annulment lawsuits due to objections against the constitution. Because this lawsuit leads to the annulment of the text of the law whose constitution is challenged and all the authorities are obliged not to implement it. Material and Methods: This article is a descriptive review and the research method is historical, analytical, applied and inductive, which is based on the review of laws, books and legal articles published in ISC, Science direct, Elsevier and ProQuest databases between 2005 and 2023. The purpose of the research, which is to examine the role of the Federal Supreme Court in guaranteeing the superiority of moral customs and Islamic laws in Iraq, was investigated. Conclusion: The results of the research obtained by examining some of the judgments of the Federal Supreme Court in Iraq regarding municipal income from alcohol transactions and the issue of polygamy show that the Federal Supreme Court in Iraq plays an important role in guaranteeing the superiority of moral custom and Islamic Sharia through the annulment of objections against the constitution, because this lawsuit leads to the annulment of the text of the law whose constitution is challenged, and all the authorities accept In case the court issues a verdict that the law is illegal based on moral custom and Sharia law, it is obligatory to not implement this law contrary to the constitution and to take necessary measures to replace or amend it.
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Introduction: Computer technology and cyberspace have become an inseparable part of human life today and have affected all aspects of individual and social life. Today, the use of various psychological techniques in the design of products and services based on computer technology is being pursued seriously to gradually and unconsciously influence the behavior and mind of users, and frameworks have been developed in this direction to achieve this goal. This method of developing and designing technical artifacts based on computer technology will entail significant ethical considerations that require in-depth examination and analysis, which is addressed in the present article. Material and Methods: The method of this research is a philosophical analysis based on the use of common theories of moral philosophy and philosophy of technology. Conclusion: The unconscious influence on behavior using computer technology can be criticized from both the perspective of deontology and virtue-based moral perspectives. Even when the purpose of this influence is positive, the damage that is done to the user's autonomy makes these technologies morally reprehensible. In addition, the artifacts produced in this way are not value-neutral and are value-laden. Considering the inclusion of computer technology-based products and services in people's lives and the extent of the use of techniques for influencing behavior, it is necessary to take measures to combat the morally harmful effects of such artifacts. Improving the general literacy of users and also policy-making and regulation in the production of such products are suggested in this regard.
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Introduction: In recent years, approaches based on environmental ethics have emphasized the need to protect the environment from the effects of industrial pollutants. This trend is reflected in new and developing international policies for environmental protection, such that, for example, in the field of protecting the marine environment from oil pollution, the existing international approach is based on the development of laws that protect the environment and protect humans. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining ethical considerations in protecting the marine environment from the effects of oil pollution and its support by international laws. Material and Methods: This study used reliable sources and international scientific articles in the field of environmental ethics and the support of international laws for the marine environment from oil pollution in a descriptive and review manner. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that it is not possible to define a specific and unified ethical framework for protecting the marine environment. In the present study, three ethical perspectives were discussed, which represent the ways in which people view the environment in general and the marine environment in particular and their interactions with it. These are anthropocentric, ecocentric and biocentric ethics. Five general ethical principles have also been identified, which are included in international legal instruments and thus represent an agreement reached by signatories with different cultural backgrounds. These are: sustainability, conservation of biodiversity, protection, environmental justice and human dignity. In view o
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Introduction: Unlike previous generations who adhered to a standard and predictable model of marriage, the modern world may offer new opportunities and ideas for marriage to younger generations. Some of these changes in the domain of marriage align with the overarching cultural master narratives of society and are widely accepted, while others may not be fully embraced but are nonetheless considered rational by some or even most members of the community. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of Generation Z’s (born between 1997 and 2012) attitudes toward marriage. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative research design. The sample consisted of 29 male and female participants aged 14 to 27 from Tehran, selected through voluntary sampling. Data were collected using focus conversation conducted in focus groups. For data analysis, the study utilized Braun and Clarke's (2022) reflexive thematic analysis approach. Results: The analysis revealed six main themes related to marriage: “meaning-making of marriage,” “partner selection,” “traditional family roles,” “premarital sex,” “parenthood,” and “marriage customs”. Conclusion: Findings indicate that that while marriage, as a sacred institution, remains intact and continues to be regarded by Generation Z as an implicit reference point with social, cultural, and Moral legitimacy, there is an observable shift away from a singular, fixed concept of marriage. Instead, marriage is increasingly being redefined and reinterpreted as an institution shaped by dynamic individual preferences, with its meaning, role, and significance subject to ongoing reconsideration.
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Introduction: Most learning happens through formal education in schools, and effective school systems require a correct combination of educational resources and facilities, the moral orientation of the school atmosphere, and the characteristics of students. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical climate and the sense of belonging to school and academic success with regard to the mediating role of students' academic hardiness. Material and Methods: The present research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consisted of 527 students of the fifth grade of literature in Karbala city (Iraq), 334 of them were selected using the Cochran formula by random cluster sampling. To collect data, four standard questionnaires were used: ethical climate, school belongingness skills, academic hardiness and academic success. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and path analysis in SPSS and Lisrel statistical software. Results: The results showed that the moral components have a direct and positive relationship with the sense of belonging to the school. The results also showed that ethical climate has a positive and significant relationship with academic success. Also, the mediating role of academic hardiness has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between ethical climate and the sense of belonging to the school and the academic success of students. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, any improvement in the ethical climate of the school can be associated with the improvement of the sense of belonging in the school and academic progress.
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Introduction: Compliance with ethical standards by hospital staff plays a significant role in the treatment process of patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of personality traits of temperament and character on professional ethics with the mediating role of psychological defense mechanisms in hospital staff. Material and Methods: The method of this study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the present study was employees of Al-Jazeera Hospital in Riyadh in 2024. Considering the number of the target population, 60 people were selected by simple random method. In this study, the professional ethics questionnaire of Armito et al. (2011), defense mechanisms of Anders et al. (1993) and the personality trait questionnaire of temperament and character of Cloninger (1994) were used. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation method and path analysis with SPSS18 and Amos23 software. Results: The findings showed that there is a significant negative correlation between immature mechanisms (-0.24) and neurotic mechanisms (-0.22) with professional ethics at a significance level of 0.01. There is a significant positive correlation between mature mechanisms (0.29), temperament (0.26), and character (0.28) with professional ethics at a significance level of 0.01. Also, psychological defense mechanisms play a mediating role in the relationship between personality traits of temperament and character on professional ethics. Also, the total coefficient of explanation in the direct and indirect paths by personality traits of temperament and character and psychological defense mechanisms on professional ethics was equal to 0.51. Conclusion: This study showed that cognitive and behavioral factors including psychological defense mechan
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Introduction: Ethics in the work environment plays a fundamental role in the growth and development of an organization. For this reason, managers and employees should pay special attention to this issue. This is especially important in scientific and educational centers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the level of attention paid to the various dimensions and components of professional ethics among the employees of scientific and educational centers. Material and Methods: The current research is applied and in terms of the nature of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population included the employees of Razi University of Kermanshah, among whom 108 people were randomly selected as the research sample. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, and finally the data were analyzed using the one-sample t-test method in SPSS software. Results: After the inferential analysis, the null hypotheses were rejected and the research hypotheses were confirmed. This means that the dimensions of professional ethics were realized in Razi University and the communication dimension had the highest score and the personality dimension had the lowest score. Conclusion: Ethics in the work environment refers to the set of principles and values that regulate people's behavior and working relationships and guide professional interactions. Undoubtedly, the professional ethics of employees in different dimensions of personality, social, communication and value will bring important functions such as strengthening working relationships, promoting cooperation and interaction, increasing trust and maintaining the credibility and reputation of the scientific-educational center.
