Deontology

Introduction: Abortion is related to local ethics and is one of the situations in which all conditions and cases should be taken into account. In this article, by examining John Dewey's opinions about Kant's contextualism and deontology, the issue of conflicts and moral duties in abortion was investigated. Material and Methods: The research method is the logical analysis of the opinions of these two thinkers. Conclusion: It seems that based on Kant's duty approach, it is not possible to provide a general rule for abortion, and this depends entirely on whether we accept the fetus as a person whose criterion is reasoning, feeling and receiving experience or not. But according to the analysis that Dewey's contextualism claims, if a general rule can be used to make the right decision for a person that results in the most virtue and action, then the general rule is also one of the conditions and environment that the person has in the issue (abortion) deals with it and makes a moral decision based on them. From Dewey's point of view, if our non-abortion is a valid reason that can be followed and we are born, we should not end any pregnancy. That is, if the fetus produces the truth that can be followed by surviving, then abortion is immoral. Therefore, in general, the duties towards the mother and the fetus are different in terms and contexts, but the duties that man has towards himself and the principle of humanity give him general principles for action Article number: 4

Deontological ethics emphasizes the connection between duty and the morality of human conduct; nevertheless, Mitchell and Ishiguro touch on a different form of duty, which disagrees with the deontological theory and demonstrates that it is in one’s interest. Mitchell in The Bone Clocks suggests that one’s only duty in life is “to survive,” regardless of what may happen to others, but Ishiguro contends in The Buried Giant that failing to fulfill a duty that creates a hardship for others will result in downfall. Despite the differences, they both agree that performing one’s duty is affected by manipulation and deceit. The present article peruses the concept of duty in David Mitchell’s The Bone Clocks and Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Buried Giant and Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice provides the framework of the study. Bourdieu believes that accomplishing duty seeks a social strategy to maximize one’s profit; therefore, it can easily become manipulative. The research eventually concludes that fulfilling duty in these novels is an object of manipulation which is esteemed in self-centeredness. Moreover, it delves into the definition of habitus to elucidate that it is facing a transition that is entangled with manipulation.

Introduction: Computer technology and cyberspace have become an inseparable part of human life today and have affected all aspects of individual and social life. Today, the use of various psychological techniques in the design of products and services based on computer technology is being pursued seriously to gradually and unconsciously influence the behavior and mind of users, and frameworks have been developed in this direction to achieve this goal. This method of developing and designing technical artifacts based on computer technology will entail significant ethical considerations that require in-depth examination and analysis, which is addressed in the present article. Material and Methods: The method of this research is a philosophical analysis based on the use of common theories of moral philosophy and philosophy of technology. Conclusion: The unconscious influence on behavior using computer technology can be criticized from both the perspective of deontology and virtue-based moral perspectives. Even when the purpose of this influence is positive, the damage that is done to the user's autonomy makes these technologies morally reprehensible. In addition, the artifacts produced in this way are not value-neutral and are value-laden. Considering the inclusion of computer technology-based products and services in people's lives and the extent of the use of techniques for influencing behavior, it is necessary to take measures to combat the morally harmful effects of such artifacts. Improving the general literacy of users and also policy-making and regulation in the production of such products are suggested in this regard.