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Introduction: Independence or autonomy is one of the fundamental rights of patients that must be respected by health professionals in all medical interventions and diagnostic and therapeutic measures. In conditions of infectious disease, the health system, in order to fulfill its moral and legal duty to protect the health of the community, is sometimes forced to violate this principle and limit the autonomy and right to choose of patients. This ethical dilemma is the subject of discussion in this article. Material and Methods: The present study is a review of articles, books, and ethical charters in the field of patient and community rights. To achieve the goal, articles and books published between 2000 and 2024 were reviewed. Conclusion: It seems that although violating the principle of respecting the patient's right to autonomy in conditions of widespread disease is morally justified, complete disregard for this right and arbitrary restriction of it without sufficient evidence, in addition to violating the patient's fundamental rights, will also damage public trust and the social capital of the health system, and will make it difficult for this institution to achieve its major goals and attract public participation.
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Introduction: The widespread penetration of artificial intelligence technology in various aspects of human life raises major concerns regarding the degree to which these technologies adhere to ethical standards. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to identify key ethical concepts for using artificial intelligence in digital technologies. Material and Methods: In the present study, a literature review was used as a research methodology. Articles published in the field of ethics and artificial intelligence were examined. Conclusion: Based on the review of the existing literature, ethical considerations of digital ethics, including: human dignity, safety, sustainability, understandability, responsibility, self-organization, promotion of happiness and well-being, cohesion and solidarity, democratic participation, fairness, diversity, privacy, security, regulatory-supervisory effect, financial-economic effect, and individual-social effect, were raised, which should be considered in the use of artificial intelligence.
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Introduction: In organizational studies in the field of sports, the performance of a football team can be examined in three parts according to its goals: sports performance, social performance and economic performance. Several factors are effective in each of these functions. The aim of the present study is to examine the ethical, social and legal factors - management affecting the performance of Iraqi football clubs. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted qualitatively and using grounded theory. The research population was sports management professors, experts and athletes, from whom 30 people were selected as samples using purposive sampling. The instrument was an interview. Data analysis was performed using the coding method and NVIVO software was used. Results: The results showed that the categories included 14 concepts that were obtained through an approximate combination of 67 primary concepts or free coding. Based on this, a conceptual design of the research was formed in which 4 managerial, legal, ethical and social factors were proposed as causal factors. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that 4 main factors affect the performance of Iraqi football clubs: In the area of managerial factors affecting club performance, managerial stability is an important issue. In the legal area, complete awareness of specialized issues of sports law and compliance with domestic and international legal regulations in sports contracts is important. In the ethical area, moral education and meritocracy and the club's ethical culture are of great importance. In the social area, issues such as social responsibility, support from spectators and fans, and social awareness are important.
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Introduction: Given the expansion of numerous applications of artificial intelligence in the daily activities of human societies and the ethical obstacles that may arise in this direction, the need for a detailed and comprehensive examination of these issues is felt more than ever. Therefore, this study was developed with the aim of examining the challenges of ethical use of artificial intelligence technology. Material and Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. Library methods, searching through electronic sources, and field study were used to collect data. In the field method, a questionnaire was used. The research community is experts and specialists in the field of artificial intelligence, 15 of whom were selected through purposive sampling (snowball sampling). By reviewing the literature, 6 obstacles related to the ethical use of artificial intelligence were identified; the DEMATEL method and Excel and MATLAB software were used to analyze the data and evaluate the cause-and-effect relationships between the obstacles. Results: The results show that among the 6 identified barriers (lack of accountability, lack of transparency, lack of legal regulations, possibility of bias and discrimination, violation of data privacy, and violation of social justice and livelihood of individuals), the barrier of lack of transparency, followed by the lack of legal regulations, are considered to be the most important and influential barriers to the ethical use of AI. Also, the barriers of data privacy violation and violation of social justice and livelihood of individuals were identified as the most influential barriers among the aforementioned barriers. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the importance and causal relationships governing the existing barriers to the ethical use of AI and can help experts and managers in this field in designing AI systems and making decisions in order to comply with ethical principles.
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Introduction: Academic performance, as one of the most important criteria for evaluating students' ability to complete their studies, can grow under the influence of social skills, social acceptance, and respect for moral privacy. With the understanding of this importance, the present study was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social skills and social acceptance with academic performance, considering the mediating role of ethical privacy. Material and Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population consisted of 645 middle school students of Babol province, using Cochran's formula, 347 of them were selected by one-stage cluster random sampling method. Four standard questionnaires of social skills, social acceptance, respect for moral privacy, and academic performance were used for gathering data. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and through factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis in SPSS and Lisrel statistical software. Results: The results showed that the relationship between social skills and social acceptance with students' academic performance was positive and significant, and the mediating role of ethical privacy in the relationship between social skills and social acceptance with students' academic performance is positive and significant. Conclusion: Based on the results; in order to increase academic performance, it is possible to increase the social skills and ability of social acceptance of students in the context of respecting moral privacy.
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Introduction: Social responsibility as an ethical framework commits a person, whether an individual or an organization, to participate in social affairs, the implementation of which will benefit society at large. Given the importance of this component, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between social irresponsibility and deviant behavior in the workplace with regard to the mediating role of moral anger in employees of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences. Material and Methods: The research method is of an applied type based on the purpose and is descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population of this study is 141 employees of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, which was selected as a sample due to the small size of the target population. The data collection tools were questionnaires on social irresponsibility, deviant behavior, and moral anger. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling method with partial least squares approach) in SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the findings showed that social irresponsibility has a positive and significant effect on moral anger, moral anger has a significant and positive effect on deviant behavior, social irresponsibility has a significant and positive effect on deviant behavior, and social irresponsibility has a significant and positive effect on deviant behavior, considering the mediating role of moral anger. Conclusion: The complex relationships between the research variables indicate that the higher the anger and moral deviance in individuals, the greater the likelihood of aggressive behavior and social irresponsibility.
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Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between moral development and wisdom through the mediation of moral intelligence and emotional intelligence. Material and Methods: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included students of the University of Jyväskylä in the year 2024. A sample of 120 students was selected using a multi-stage cluster random method. The measurement tools included Webster's Self-Esteem Questionnaire (2007), Schering's Emotional Intelligence (1999), Lennick and Keel's Moral Intelligence (2005), and Graham's Moral Foundations (2007). The structural equation modeling method and Amos23 and SPSS22 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the conceptual model of the study had an appropriate fit. Examining the coefficients of the effects of the research variables on each other, it seemed that moral development had a direct standardized effect coefficient of 0.53 on intelligence. Also, the standardized effect coefficients of moral development on moral intelligence were 0.51, moral development on emotional intelligence were 0.11, moral intelligence on intelligence were 0.32, and emotional intelligence on intelligence were 0.21. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, attention to effective moral variables and appropriate moral education on the one hand, and the promotion of emotional intelligence and attention to social and individual well-being resulting from the proper functioning of this intelligence in individuals on the other hand, are essential for the development of various areas of human wisdom.
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Introduction: The research aim was predicting the nurses’ professional ethics based on organizational commitment, work engagement and organizational justice. Material & Methods: In the descriptive study of correlational type, from nurses working in the hospitals of Ahvaz city in 2023-year number of 320 nurses were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by questionnaires of professional ethics, organizational commitment, work engagement and organizational justice and analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression. Results: The results showed that organizational commitment, work engagement and organizational justice had a positive and significant correlation with nurses' professional ethics (P<0.01). Also, organizational commitment, work engagement and organizational justice could significantly predict 35 percent of the changes in nurses' professional ethics (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is necessary to design and implement programs to improve nurses' professional ethics by promoting organizational commitment, work engagement and organizational justice.
