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As I delve into Imām Riḍā’s civilizational thought, exploring the concept of justice and its implications, I find myself drawn to the parallels between his teachings and those of Jesus Christ. Imām Riḍā’s legacy of justice for everyone and injustice for no one resonates deeply with the core teachings of Christianity, particularly as embodied in the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Both figures exemplify a profound commitment to mercy, compassion, and the pursuit of righteousness. One striking aspect of Imām Riḍā’s teachings is his emphasis on mercy for all believers, a principle that finds resonance in Jesus’ teachings on love and forgiveness. The example set by Imām Riḍā in praying for the prosperity of all believers reflects Jesus’ call to love one another and to pray even for our enemies. Moreover, Imām Riḍā’s respect for all individuals, regardless of their social status or background, mirrors Jesus’ interactions with people from all walks of life. Both figures demonstrate a deep reverence for the inherent dignity of every human being, challenging us to overcome prejudice and embrace the inherent worth of all individuals. The theme of caring for the needy is another point of convergence between Imām Riḍā and Jesus. Imām Riḍā’s choice to stay with the destitute during his travels and Jesus’ teachings on caring for the poor highlight the shared imperative to uplift the marginalized and alleviate suffering in our communities. Furthermore, both Imām Riḍā and Jesus exemplify affability toward others, emphasizing the importance of kindness, humility, and compassion in our interactions with one another. Their teachings remind us of the transformative power of love and the profound impact of acts of kindness on individuals and communities. Imām Riḍā’s emphasis on forgiving the faults of others echoes Jesus’ teachings on forgiveness and reconciliation. Both figures challenge us to overcome resentment and bitterness, extending grace and mercy to those who have wronged us. Additionally, Imām Riḍā and Jesus share a commitment to humane treatment of all people, regardless of their faith or ethnicity. Their teachings emphasize the importance of respecting human rights and promoting justice and equality for all members of society. Imām Riḍā’s civilizational thought offers valuable insights into the shared values that unite humanity across religious divides. As Christians and Muslims, we have much to learn from one another’s traditions, and through dialogue and cooperation, we can work together to build a more just, compassionate, and inclusive world.

Resistance, as a successful phenomenon in Islamic thought and practical theology, is focused on monotheism, faith in God, and belief in divine victory in all social strata. The present study examines the concept of the theology of resistance with an emphasis on its Quranic themes. The theology of resistance, in addition to its cognitive, political, and social aspects, has deep religious roots in the Quran, which are manifested in concepts such as faith, patience, strong will, unity, and the continuation of the path of resistance. The current study, using a descriptive-analytical method, considers selected verses, especially those related to the Battle of Uḥud , as an example of the Quranic literature of resistance. It aims to show how these Quranic themes play a role in strengthening the social and cultural spirit of Muslim communities. The results of the research make it possible to explain the systematic theology of resistance and its practical analysis in the Battle of Uḥud as a model of resistance for believers. This research proves that conscious resistance with faith is a combination of individual and collective steadfastness that is achieved by trusting in God and believing in divine victory. It also emphasizes that promoting the discourse of the theology of resistance based on the Quran can guide the individual and collective behaviors of Muslims in confronting challenges and the domination of falsehood, and can be a factor in the honor and progress of Islamic societies. Thus, in addition to being considered a religious concept, the theology of resistance is also raised as a social and cultural need today that illuminates the path of resistance in the contemporary world