درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

It is a truism that success at university depends on the possession of outstanding writing skills. Yet of all language skills, writing is the most arduous to master and the situation gets even worse in the case of second or foreign languages. The current study aims at investigating the suitable ways to overcome the difficulties students of English face with writing especially in terms of vocabulary items and spelling mistakes by exploring the effects of adapting autocorrect and spell- checkers technologies on their writing skills. The research data comes from an experiment conducted at Adrar University, south of Algeria, in which 18 LMD (Licence-Master-Doctorat, equivalent to the BMD, Bachelor-Master-Doctorate) students utilize autocorrect and spell-checkers as assistive technology. The finding of the experiment shows that the use of assistive technology has perceptible effects regarding the quality of students’ production as these technologies displace the attention from worrying about spelling mistakes to other aspects of writing. The paper does also propose some suggestions regarding the improvement of the writing skill at the level of Algerian Higher educational institutions (HEIs).

The aim of this research was to investigate the role of intelligent leadership and innovative organizational climate in organizational loyalty and organizational resilience with the mediation of teachers' organizational knowledge-creation. The study population included all high schools teachers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. A sample of 2687 teachers were selected using the proportional stratified random sampling method based on the Cochran formula. The quantitative research method was of a correlation type and a covariance-oriented structural equation modeling approach. The questionnaires used for collecting the data consisted of the researcher-made questionnaire of intelligent leadership based on Sidanmanlaka's model (2008), the researcher-made questionnaire of organizational knowledge-creation based on Nonoka and Takeuchi's model (2006), the organizational loyalty questionnaire of Wells, et al. (2011), the Siegel and Kaymer’s innovative organizational climate questionnaire (1978), the Prayag et al.'s organizational resilience questionnaire (2018). The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were examined using Cronbach's alpha technique and techniques of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis of the first and second order, respectively. In order to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, The results revealed that. Intelligent leadership, through organizational knowledge-creation, has a positive and significant indirect impact on teachers'’ organizational loyalty and organizational resilience. innovative organizational climate, through organizational knowledge-creation, has a positive and significant indirect influence on organizational loyalty and organizational resilience