مطالب

La quête identitaire se retrouve au cœur des œuvres du vingtième siècle. Des romanciers, comme des critiques examinent la question et un auteur comme Barthes n’échappe pas à la règle. Ses écrits ultimes au Collège de France demeurent cependant imaginaires et théoriques. Il s’identifie aux protagonistes d’une nouvelle Recherche dont il s’estime être le créateur. Nous verrons ainsi dans cet article les manuscrits barthésiens au sujet de la phrase dans ses textes déposés à la bibliothèque nationale de France qui décrivent certaines de ses convictions intimes. Nous observerons à travers ceux-ci une réinvention du texte dans ses derniers cours. Ceux-ci forment une autre matrice romanesque et Barthes retourne à ses premières sources littéraires et se passionne même pour la personne de l'auteur. Ce dernier désire désormais s’éterniser par le roman et renaître, tout comme le phénix de ses cendres. Afin de voir les sources de cette renaissance artistique, nous étudierons certaines parties raturées de ses manuscrits déposés à la bibliothèque nationale de France. Elles expriment ses points de vue intimes sur les étapes de l’invention de la phrase. Nous tenterons ainsi de découvrir la vérité littéraire se cachant chez cet inventeur de l'art de ne rien écrire qui, tout comme Proust, redéfinit la recherche littéraire dans une perspective temporelle.

The Israeli aggression against Iran in June 2025—targeting defense infrastructure, military personnel, civilians including scientists, children, and women, as well as hospitals, schools, and national media—was not merely a military confrontation but a turning point in the collective and psychological victimization of Iranian society. The ensuing fear, urban displacement, partial economic collapse, and existential anxiety fractured Iran’s cultural and moral fabric, creating conditions for new forms of post-war violence. This study examines how collective victimization reproduces violence and breaks norms in the post-war context both at cultural and psychological levels, and explores the relationship between symbolic violence in media, political discourse, and everyday life (routine activity criminology). The central premise posits that aggression —and the enduring fear of its recurrence—erodes social cohesion, normalizes aggression, and embeds violent cultural patterns into civic life, generating a cyclical process of victimization and offending, wherein society itself perpetuates violence. From a cultural criminological perspective, this cycle reflects a normalization of deviance and a redefinition of social power through violence. Breaking it requires a shift in Iran’s criminal policy from a security-based to a cultural and restorative approach at legislative, judicial, and executive levels—prioritizing the symbolic reconstruction of trust, hope, and meaning alongside structural post-war recovery. The central hypothesis posits that aggression —and the enduring fear of its recurrence—erodes social cohesion, normalizes aggression, and embeds violent cultural patterns into civic life, generating a cyclical process of victimization and offending wherein society itself perpetuates violence. From a cultural criminological perspective, this cycle reflects a normalization of deviance and a redefinition of social power through violence. Breaking it requires a shift in Iran’s criminal policy from a security-based to a cultural and restorative approach at legislative, judicial, and executive levels—prioritizing the symbolic reconstruction of trust, hope, and

This paper shows how Hegel’s misconception of truth and knowledge misled his ideas of Absolute spirit, dialectically reinforced dogmatism and irrational historicism toward his disastrous conclusion of a “totalitarian playbook”. Analysis by Hegel scholars is presented and contrasted with Popper’s Critical Rationalism-based critiques. Hegel held a version of Correspondence for everyday truth plus a deeper “philosophical” truth, similar to essence, which could be unified with consciousness. This is compared to Popper’s anti-essentialism. Hegel’s dialectical theory is contrasted to Popper’s falsificationism. Popper showed that dialectical method produced historical relativism. Hegel’s Philosophy of Identity, yielding the dialectical Idealism of “what is reasonable must be real”, led to “might is right” with emergence of nations by fighting for domination on the stage of history. Popper credited Hegel with formulating the “playbook of totalitarianism”, used lethally by followers of Hegelian Left and Right. Inversion Theory claims the word “true”, implying completeness, certainty, and self-consistency, is applicable only to the objective world. Perception of it, acquired by an evolved biological process (Active Subjectivism), incorporates essential falsehood, yielding “best knowledge” of reality. It solves problems related to the regulatory, statistical, evidentiary, inconstant and even indexical nature of knowledge. Only the Inversion theory exposes the errors of dialecticism: since it involves subjective concepts, it is impossible for a true synthesis plus its negative antithesis to give a true synthesis. The historical process of the Zeitgeist contains falsehood, the cunning of reason to move the spirit forward is uncertain, and nobody can perform the truth for their time.

This study aims to identify the antecedents, preconditions, and enabling factors required for the Iraqi Council of Ministers to formulate and implement an effective cultural diplomacy strategy. The research methodology was based on an inductive approach, using thematic analysis technique outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006). Data were gathered from semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in cultural diplomacy and analyzed using MAXQDA software. Validity was established through a two-step process member checking and an external audit. This research showed that Iraqi government organizations can implement cultural diplomacy strategies in Iraq more optimally through the identified components in the organizational, national, and international dimensions, and in the framework of the cultural diplomatic antecedents of the Iraqi Council of Ministers. This paper provides an important framework for analyzing cultural diplomacy antecedents in cultural heritage, paying particular attention to regional dimension for strengthening internal cohesion that moves beyond a siloed approach by explicitly integrating national, organizational, and international factors into a single, actionable model, offering a structured roadmap for Iraqi policymakers to translate latent cultural power into tangible diplomatic influence.

Social media has become a vital communication channel in various industries, including tourism and hospitality. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media—specifically user-generated content—on the occupancy rates of 5-star hotels in Mashhad, Iran. The research follows a three-stage methodology. First, customer reviews from Instagram fan pages of selected hotels were collected using the Graph API Explorer and analyzed through sentiment analysis to classify them into positive, negative, or neutral categories. Second, hotel occupancy was estimated using the number of weekly check-ins on Instagram as a proxy due to restricted access to official occupancy data. Finally, regression analysis was applied to examine the relationship between the percentage of positive reviews and the number of check-ins. The results reveal a strong positive correlation between favorable customer comments and hotel check-ins for most of the studied hotels, suggesting that social media plays a critical role in influencing consumer decision-making and hotel occupancy. The findings emphasize the strategic importance of leveraging social media platforms for effective marketing and customer engagement in the hospitality industry.