مطالب

Introduction: Unlike previous generations who adhered to a standard and predictable model of marriage, the modern world may offer new opportunities and ideas for marriage to younger generations. Some of these changes in the domain of marriage align with the overarching cultural master narratives of society and are widely accepted, while others may not be fully embraced but are nonetheless considered rational by some or even most members of the community. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of Generation Z’s (born between 1997 and 2012) attitudes toward marriage. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative research design. The sample consisted of 29 male and female participants aged 14 to 27 from Tehran, selected through voluntary sampling. Data were collected using focus conversation conducted in focus groups. For data analysis, the study utilized Braun and Clarke's (2022) reflexive thematic analysis approach. Results: The analysis revealed six main themes related to marriage: “meaning-making of marriage,” “partner selection,” “traditional family roles,” “premarital sex,” “parenthood,” and “marriage customs”. Conclusion: Findings indicate that that while marriage, as a sacred institution, remains intact and continues to be regarded by Generation Z as an implicit reference point with social, cultural, and Moral legitimacy, there is an observable shift away from a singular, fixed concept of marriage. Instead, marriage is increasingly being redefined and reinterpreted as an institution shaped by dynamic individual preferences, with its meaning, role, and significance subject to ongoing reconsideration.

With the advent of advanced technology, a substantial proportion of reading takes place online. Reading engagement is an important factor which makes considerable contributions to reading comprehension. However, there is no valid and reliable measure for assessing learners' online reading engagement. Accordingly, this study constructed and validated a scale to gauge LORE. Initially, 20 EFL learners and 20 teachers were interviewed and based on the results of thematic analysis and extant components in the literature, an initial draft of the LORE was prepared. This draft became subject to expert opinion in a panel of three PhD holders in TEFL. Afterwards, the scale was distributed to 335 learners. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's Alpha yielded satisfactory psychometric properties for the 21-item scale consisting of six factors including affective, behavioral, cognitive, linguistic, agentic, and social dimensions. The analysis of aggregate means revealed that learners were highly engaged in behavioral and affective aspects, moderately engaged in the cognitive and agentic facets, but they had low levels of engagement in linguistic and social dimensions. Based on the results, the scale can be safely used to measure EFL learners' online reading engagement. Moreover, it is recommended that EFL teachers take measures to foster learners' linguistic and social engagement.

This study aims to enhance the quality of higher education by introducing a model of a competent professor in Iran’s higher education system. Among the elements of the education system, the teacher element is the most important one, so professors and teachers are the underlying agents for the renewal of pedagogy. It is hoped that the lack of effective position of man in traditional education of architecture is removed in contemporary architecture education by investigating the human component, profound vision, and principles that architect masters acquired when they were solving the problems ruling the implementation of the building, creating a relationship between new building and teaching these principles in details and accurately to their students. To achieve this, a qualitative study employing a content analysis approach was conducted. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were used to collect data. The main question of this study is whether students of Selected universities in Iran can identify the characteristics of a competent professor. The information indicates that the averages of the total dimensions of human existence, cognitive dimension, wisdom dimension, and skill dimension were reported as 3.605, 3.701, 4.097, and 3.017, respectively. It can be seen that the average score for the total score, as well as the average score for the cognitive dimension, was above average. The average score for the wisdom dimension was desirable and excellent, while the average score for the skill dimension was poor.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the strategies and consequences of non-marriage among single men. Methods and Materials: The study was carried out using a qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology. The study population consisted of men whose age ranged between 33 and 45 years, considering the average age of marriage for men in the city of Kazerun in 2023 was 30.9 years. All participants were residents of Kazerun County in Fars Province. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling based on inclusion/exclusion criteria until theoretical saturation was reached (15 participants). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's (1998) grounded theory approach, including open, axial, and selective coding. Findings: In the open coding phase, out of 232 identified codes, 33 open codes related to strategies and 56 open codes related to consequences were extracted. These codes were categorized into different concepts during axial coding. Finally, in the selective coding phase, the main categories and related outcomes of non-marriage were identified. The most significant strategies for not pursuing marriage included improving economic conditions, enhancing mental and physical well-being, developing alternative relationships, and seeking emotional or financial bonds. On the other hand, mental and psychological consequences, objective consequences, and environmental consequences were among the major outcomes associated with prolonged singlehood in men. These included negative emotions such as depression, isolation, wasted time and energy, and economic and social problems. Conclusion: This study revealed that the decision not to marry among men is the result of a combination of psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors that influence individual choices. Based on the findings, it is recommended that social and cultural policies aimed at supporting youth and facilitating marriage are essential. Moreover, identifying and thoroughly examining cultural and social barriers to marriage could help reduce the rate of singlehood and increase the willingness to marry among young people.

The microlearning approach is increasingly adopted in organizational training because it delivers educational content in concise and easily digestible segments. This approach is widely viewed as both engaging and effective. However, empirical evidence regarding its effectiveness remains limited, particularly when microlearning is a prerequisite or a post-requisite to conventional training courses. To address this gap, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of prerequisite and post-requisite microlearning formats compared to traditional training methods in enhancing employees’ professional competencies. This study employed a quasi-experimental post-test design with a control group. The target population comprised employees of a state-owned bank in Tehran Province. From this population, 90 individuals were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: a prerequisite microlearning group (experimental), a post-requisite microlearning group (experimental), and a traditional training group (control). All groups received a training course titled Problem-Solving in the Banking Industry. For the experimental groups, the course was delivered using a blended approach that combined microlearning with face-to-face instruction. In contrast, the control group received the training exclusively through face-to-face sessions. Data collection and analysis were conducted over three weeks using the Kirkpatrick Evaluation Model. The findings revealed that the experimental groups reported significantly higher levels of reaction (p = 0.017) and learning (p = 0.001) compared to the control group. However, no significant difference in behavioral change was observed among the groups (p = 0.115). These results suggest that while microlearning can enhance learner reactions and learning outcomes, it may not be sufficient to drive behavioral change in the workplace.

IoT is a dynamic network of interconnected things that communicate and exchange data, where security is a significant issue. Previous studies have mainly focused on attack classifications and open issues rather than presenting a comprehensive overview on the existing threats and vulnerabilities. This knowledge helps analyzing the network in the early stages even before any attack takes place. In this paper, the researchers have proposed different security aspects and a novel Bayesian Security Aspects Dependency Graph for IoT (BSAGIoT) to illustrate their relations. The proposed BSAGIoT is a generic model applicable to any IoT network and contains aspects from five categories named data, access control, standard, network, and loss. This proposed Bayesian Security Aspect Graph (BSAG) presents an overview of the security aspects in any given IoT network. The purpose of BSAGIoT is to assist security experts in analyzing how a successful compromise and/or a failed breach could impact the overall security and privacy of the respective IoT network. In addition, root cause identification of security challenges, how they affect one another, their impact on IoT networks via topological sorting, and risk assessment could be achieved. Hence, to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, experimental results with various scenarios has been presented, in which the security aspects have been quantified based on the network configurations. The results indicate the impact of the aspects on each other and how they could be utilized to mitigate and/or eliminate the security and privacy deficiencies in IoT networks.

Background: A key claim and fundamental assumption of feminist thought is that many traits commonly perceived as female are not inherent or genetically determined, but are instead products of historical and social conditioning. This perspective argues that even in contemporary societies, persistent anti-female stereotypes limit women’s ability to fully exercise their rights. For instance, the historical exclusion of women from political life, potentially driven by male power dynamics, has fostered the misconception that women lack interest in political engagement.Aims: This research seeks to investigate this hypothesis: does Internet-based social networks help to increase women's political participation?Methodology: Employing a qualitative approach, this study synthesizes data from diverse sources– including case study of Clubhouse, and peer-reviewed academic literature– to explore to what extent are women interested in political action under free and equal conditions? To this end, we selected the Clubhouse platform. We then monitored and analyzed women’s behavior before and after a sensitive national political event, the 2021 (1400 AH) presidential election.Findings: The findings indicated that, contrary to our initial hypothesis, the Clubhouse platform’s open environment did not significantly enhance women’s political participation or stimulate greater interest in political topics. Women largely remained engaged with content related to entertainment, family life, cooking, and music.Conclusions: This viewpoint aligns with the tendency to view gender-related issues as stemming from inherent, natural differences rather than socio-historical constructs.

This article looks at Ralph Waldo Emerson’s translation of a poem by Shah Nimatullah Wali, “Song of Seid Nimetollah of Kuhistan,” and through a genetic reading of its avant-texts demonstrates, firstly, how despite its pretense to faithfulness, the translation is affected by Emerson’s prior knowledge of the original culture. It will also demonstrate how the translation provides Emerson with a space to express his concerns in disguise of a translator. That is to say, through conscious and unconscious manipulation of the original text and introduction of the translation as an emblem of the foreign culture, Emerson affirms and naturalizes his own ideological position. This article also attempts to demonstrate how through the translation Emerson is identifying with the speaker, “leaving” his identity, and temporarily experiencing the moment of trance a dervish describes. In order to achieve these, this article benefits from Lawrence Venuti’s “hermeneutic model of translation” and Branka Arsic’s idea of “leaving.”