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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on the self-efficacy of adolescents with a history of domestic violence. Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test–post-test structure and a non-equivalent control group. The study population consisted of 69 adolescent girls, aged 14 to 18 years, who had experienced domestic violence and had a case file at the Social Emergency Center of Babol city during the second half of 2023. A total of 45 participants were selected through convenience sampling based on inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups of 15 participants each and one control group of 15 participants. Data were collected using the Morris Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (2001). A summary of TF-CBT sessions, adapted from Cohen (2001), consisting of 10 sessions of 90 minutes each, and a summary of ACT sessions, adapted from Hayes et al. (2004), consisting of 8 sessions of 90 minutes each, were administered to the experimental groups. No intervention was applied to the control group. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 18 software. Findings: The findings indicated that both TF-CBT and ACT had an effect on the self-efficacy of adolescents with a history of domestic violence. However, TF-CBT was more effective than ACT in enhancing self-efficacy. Conclusion: The results of this study could provide practical implications for therapists and counselors.

Composition contracts are of great importance in international legal systems and are consideredto be an important tool for solving financial problems, as they contribute significantly toeconomic prosperity by preventing the complete dissolution of economic units. Therefore, acomparative study of composition contracts in different legal systems such as Iran, the UnitedStates and the United Kingdom can contribute significantly to the reform of commercial lawsand regulations in this field. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to examinethe economic policies and challenges in composition contracts and their application in the legalsystems of Iran, the United States and the United Kingdom. The main question of the presentstudy is: “What are the main challenges of composition contracts in the legal systems of Iran,the United States and the United Kingdom?” In response, it can be hypothesized that the majorchallenge in the US and Iranian systems seems to be debt security, while in the UK, creditrestoration is considered a major challenge. The research findings indicate that in all threecountries, from a policy perspective, composition  agreements play a vital role in resolvingdebts and rebuilding the financial situation of debtors, but each of these countries faces its ownchallenges. In Iran, there are problems such as lack of transparency in assets and resistance fromsome creditors. In the US, challenges such as legal complexities and problems related to creditorcooperation are present. Despite having a modern legal framework, the UK also faces issuessuch as administrative complexities and the economic impacts of composition agreements.Given the problems in all three systems, it is suggested that policy and legal reforms be carriedout to facilitate the process of composition agreements in all three countries. This study uses adescriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach. Legal documents from Iran, the US,and England have been analyzed using library resources.

The performance of SMEs will keep the wheel of the country’s economy turning. Upgrading the technologies currently used in SMEs will make the manufacturing process of food and beverage (F&B) industries more efficient. These firms are still using traditional equipment and machinery in their F&B manufacturing process; however, it is required to adopt the next level of technologies for maximum productivity, which they cannot afford. Thus, the study focuses on the intention to adopt upgraded technologies in F&B SMEs in developing countries. A total of 230 F&B SME owners and top management were surveyed in Bangladesh. The collected data were analyzed using PLS-SEM with SmartPLS software. The results showed that disaster preparedness and business continuity had significant effects on the intention to adopt; similarly, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence were also significant in the intention to adopt the next level of IR technologies. The moderating role of government support and policy had mixed effects on intention. The study is significant because disaster preparedness and business continuity plans are utilized in technology adoption and intention scenarios. To investigate this intention, the study adopted two perspectives: the influence and role of disasters and hazards on SMEs through disaster preparedness and business continuity plans, and secondly, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) for measuring the intention. The study contributed to these two theories in a new context with constructs. The study will also contribute to policymakers in developing constructive policies and providing effective financial and non-financial support for F&B manufacturing SMEs.