درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

La traduction est un processus complexe qui nécessite souvent une adaptation culturelle afin d'être compris par le public cible, au-delà de la simple traduction mot à mot. C'est pourquoi les traducteurs et les universitaires en sont venus à accepter qu'une fidélité linguistique totale au texte source n'est pas toujours possible ou souhaitable. Plus récemment, l'éthique est devenue un domaine central des études de traduction, suscitant une réflexion sur la nature évolutive des pratiques de traduction au fil du temps. La dimension éthique soulève des questions sur le pouvoir du traducteur de modifier ou d'adapter les textes sources et sur les circonstances dans lesquelles de tels changements peuvent être considérés comme contraires à l'éthique. Cet article aborde ces questions en se concentrant sur la diversité des responsabilités sociales et éthiques impliquées dans le processus de traduction. Il explore la dynamique de la négociation éthique, y compris les voix qui comptent, les dynamiques de pouvoir en jeu et la confiance et la responsabilité accordées aux traducteurs et aux interprètes. Ces cas reflètent un consensus croissant selon lequel les traducteurs devraient réfléchir de manière critique aux différentes perspectives sur les questions éthiques dans leur travail, plutôt que de suivre des normes éthiques externes, et devraient donc être plus attentifs à présenter leurs propres points de vue en tant que traducteurs.

English Language Teacher Education (ELTE) programs in Iran have been designed in a distinctive bilingual environment where private language institutes offer influential training foundations for most English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers. This study examines the structure and content of teacher preparation programs in four prominent Iranian language institutes to identify the core components of their training courses. To gather data, semi-structured and focus-group interviews were conducted with two novice teachers and two teacher educators from each institute, selected through purposive sampling. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that training programs emphasized seven key themes: Teaching Methods, Flexibility, Practical teaching, Reflection, Native language use, Culture, and Technology. These findings can offer English language teachers valuable insights into their future roles and provide policymakers with rich data to evaluate existing programs and make necessary modifications in areas that require improvement. Potentially bridging the gap between theoretical training and practical classroom demands.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program based on the Marital Distress Tolerance Model on reducing marital conflicts among conflicting couples in Tehran. Methods and Materials: This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. The statistical population included all conflicting couples who visited psychological and counseling centers in Tehran. One center was randomly selected, and 30 couples were chosen through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 couples each). The experimental group received a 9-session intervention based on a structured educational package developed from the causal model of marital distress tolerance, focusing on cognitive flexibility, family health, and social problem-solving skills. Data were collected using the Barati and Sanaei Marital Conflict Questionnaire and a researcher-developed content validity instrument evaluated by experts. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were used to analyze the data through SPSS software. Findings: The results of the MANCOVA indicated that the educational program had a statistically significant effect on all dimensions of marital conflict, including reduced sexual relations (F = 28.438, p < .001), increased emotional reactions (F = 18.448, p < .001), separation of financial matters (F = 29.932, p < .001), reduced cooperation (F = 22.822, p < .001), reduced relationships with spouse’s relatives (F = 18.549, p < .001), increased relationships with one’s own relatives (F = 10.030, p = .005), and increased seeking support from children (F = 65.565, p < .001). Conclusion: The study confirmed that the educational program based on the marital distress tolerance model significantly reduced marital conflicts across multiple dimensions, supporting the model’s applicability in therapeutic interventions for couples experiencing relational distress.