مطالب

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of play therapy in improving sensory processing and distress tolerance in adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 15) receiving eight 90-minute sessions of play therapy or a control group (n = 15) receiving no intervention. Sensory processing and distress tolerance were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and five-month follow-up using standardized measures. Data analysis was performed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS-27 to evaluate within-group and between-group differences over time. The results indicated a significant main effect of time for both sensory processing (F(2, 84) = 92.32, p < 0.001) and distress tolerance (F(2, 84) = 111.60, p < 0.001), demonstrating substantial improvements across timepoints. The intervention group showed a notable increase in sensory processing scores from baseline (M = 48.72, SD = 5.91) to post-intervention (M = 64.15, SD = 6.38) and follow-up (M = 69.03, SD = 5.79), whereas the control group exhibited minimal change. Similarly, distress tolerance scores improved significantly in the intervention group (baseline: M = 42.85, SD = 6.27; post-intervention: M = 58.74, SD = 5.69; follow-up: M = 63.92, SD = 6.08), with no substantial improvement in the control group. The Bonferroni post-hoc test confirmed significant pairwise differences between baseline and subsequent assessments. Play therapy was found to be an effective intervention for enhancing sensory processing and distress tolerance in adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities, with improvements sustained at follow-up. These findings suggest that play-based interventions can be a valuable therapeutic approach for promoting sensory integration and emotional regulation in this population.

Introduction: In organizational studies in the field of sports, the performance of a football team can be examined in three parts according to its goals: sports performance, social performance and economic performance. Several factors are effective in each of these functions. The aim of the present study is to examine the ethical, social and legal factors - management affecting the performance of Iraqi football clubs. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted qualitatively and using grounded theory. The research population was sports management professors, experts and athletes, from whom 30 people were selected as samples using purposive sampling. The instrument was an interview. Data analysis was performed using the coding method and NVIVO software was used. Results: The results showed that the categories included 14 concepts that were obtained through an approximate combination of 67 primary concepts or free coding. Based on this, a conceptual design of the research was formed in which 4 managerial, legal, ethical and social factors were proposed as causal factors. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that 4 main factors affect the performance of Iraqi football clubs: In the area of ​​managerial factors affecting club performance, managerial stability is an important issue. In the legal area, complete awareness of specialized issues of sports law and compliance with domestic and international legal regulations in sports contracts is important. In the ethical area, moral education and meritocracy and the club's ethical culture are of great importance. In the social area, issues such as social responsibility, support from spectators and fans, and social awareness are important.

INTRODUCTION: Deaths from drowning at sea and recreational diving annually cause irreparable damage with the start of summer trips to the coasts of Gilan. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the coastal care education-based program. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study, data were collected with a 45-item researcher-made questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale. The reliability and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha (0.7) and by 12 specialists. The statistical population (N=450) includes supervisory agents, rescuers, lifeguards, coastal guards, field training instructors, relief workers, and young members of the Red Crescent Society of Gilan province. Finally, 207 people selected and studied using Morgan table. Data analyzed using SPSS-27 software. FINDINGS: According to the findings, the age group of 30 to 44 years has the highest frequency with 89 people (43.0%), a total of 123 respondents (59.4%) were male and associate and bachelor's degrees each have the highest frequency with 59 people (28.5%). The 45-items questionnaire were categorized into six sections including demographics (5 items), self-help skills (8 items), knowledge of coastal information (8 items), knowledge of coastal hazards (8 items), skills in using buoyancy equipment (8 items), and coastal experiences (8 items). About 12 questions with the highest mean responses were identified as effective factors of the education-based program. The correlation between the selection of safe places for swimming by tourists was estimated to be significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that the successful implementation of the sea sanitation plan with the approach of preventing drowning incidents and selecting safe swimming locations depends on the development of a coastal care education program, including face-to-face education, and then on ensuring the health of the coastal strip.

The quest to harmonize Eastern and Western perspectives on human rights has become increasingly salient in a globalized world where cultural norms and values often clash. This paper seeks to evaluate the complexities of this issue by conducting a comparative analysis of key human rights principles within Eastern and Western contexts, with a focus on identifying areas of convergence. By exploring the historical, philosophical, and cultural underpinnings of human rights in both regions, I aim to get possibilities of gaining a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles that underpin these divergent perspectives. Through this comparative lens, I seek to bridge the gap between Eastern and Western conceptions of human rights, ultimately aiming to promote dialogue, mutual understanding, and the advancement of a universal framework that respects the diverse expressions of human dignity across different cultural landscapes.

The structure of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is based on humanistic thoughts, which has played an important role in its drafting motivations, content, and the actions of its implementers. It has specific foundations and reflections in the field of anthropology, which can be considered the anthropological bases of the Declaration of Human Rights. In this view, man, separated from origin and resurrection (eschatology), replaces God and prioritizes his own desires over God's. This descriptive-analytical article, by considering the content of the UDHR, aims to extract the foundations of human rights, which are, in fact, the foundations and reflections of humanistic thought, such as: negating the belief in origin and resurrection, negating the non-material dimension, negating gender rights, expanding and encroaching rights into other domains, negating duty-orientation, prioritizing hedonism over duty-orientation, negating dignity from religious ethics and rights, and finally, individualism.