درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The concept of "major sin" stands as a central and structuring principle within the moral framework of the Abrahamic religions. Owing to its profound consequences in the existential domains of the human being—both individual and social—and in the Hereafter, it has always been at the heart of theological and ethical inquiry. Adopting an analytical-comparative approach, this article investigates the structure and nature of major sins within the two traditions of Islam and Christianity. While examining the criteria for distinguishing "major sins" (kabāʾir) from "minor sins" (ṣaghāʾir) in Islam and the distinction between "mortal" and "venial" sins in Christianity, this study demonstrates that despite foundational differences in the theological underpinnings and epistemic criteria governing each tradition, a striking and meaningful convergence is observable in their ultimate aims: moral cultivation, the preservation of human dignity, and the call to repentance and spiritual rectification. Ultimately, by elucidating the formative and spiritual implications of this doctrine, the article underscores its potential to foster a horizon for inter-religious dialogue in the field of ethics.

Water, a critical resource for human survival, holds profound theological significance in Islam and Christianity, symbolizing purification, divine grace, and communal responsibility. This comparative study examines the teachings of the Qur’an, Hadith (including Shiite traditions), and the Bible on water, analyzing their implications for conservation and sustainable management across theological, historical,and contemporary dimensions. Through textual analysis, historical review, and case studies from water-scarce regions like the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, the study highlights shared values of stewardship and equity, alongside divergent legal and sacramental approaches. Drawing on peer-reviewed literature and Shiite sources, it explores how these faiths inform modern water conservation strategies, addressing global scarcity challenges. The findings emphasize the potential of faith-based frameworks to complement Sustainable Development Goal, offering actionable insights for policymakers, religious leaders, and communities.

Due to the significance of hadith in Islamic sciences such as jurisprudence, exegesis, theology, and history, its understanding requires the application of proper principles of hadith interpretation. This paper aims to provide a methodical understanding of the hadith: "It is not permissible for anyone to marry two of the children of Fāṭimah (SA) simultaneously" in light of the Qur’an, with a focus on the perspectives of Shaykh Yūsuf Baḥrānī, an Akhbārī scholar, and Wahid Behbahani, a Uṣūlī scholar. Research indicates that no independent study has yet been conducted on this subject. This hadith forms the basis of the Akhbārī ruling on the prohibition of marrying two women from the descendants of the Prophet simultaneously, while Uṣūlīs have deemed such marriage disliked (Makrūh). After examining the chain of narration (Isnād) and text (Matn) of the hadith, and comparing it with the Qur’an using a descriptive-analytical method, it was found that Shaykh Yūsuf Baḥrānī considers the Isnād authentic and believes that the text, based on its apparent meaning, indicates prohibition. Consequently, marrying two women from the descendants of the Prophet simultaneously is considered haram. On the other hand, Wahid Behbahani maintains that such marriage is not prohibited. By tracing the historical development of the prohibition, beginning with Shaykh Ja’far Baḥrānī and later Shaykh Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, and comparing Shaykh Yūsuf Baḥrānī’s view with that of Wahid Behbahani, the author concludes that: "The Isnād of the hadith is weak; considering the contextual indicators and the distinction between hardship and harm, the Matn does not indicate prohibition." Therefore, it can be argued that Wahid Behbahani’s perspective is more consistent with the Qur’an and established scholarly principles.

The tradition of writing commentaries on Nahj al-Balāgha is a mirror reflecting the intellectual, political, and social transformations of Islamic societies. Despite numerous bibliographic studies, a systematic analysis of this trajectory in relation to its discursive contexts remains absent. Employing the "Social history of knowledge" approach and drawing on Skinner’s contextual hermeneutic method, this study investigates the metamorphosis of this tradition during the neglected period from the fall of the Safavids to the eve of the Iranian Islamic Revolution.The findings indicate that this trajectory experienced two clearly distinct stages. First, the "Period of stagnation," (post-Safavid to the eve of the Constitutional era) during which, under the dominance of Akhbārism and political despotism, Nahjal-Balāgha shifted from a comprehensive text to a "Mirror for princes," serving the function of "Consolidating power" and advising rulers; second, the "Period of renaissance," (from the Constitutional era to the Revolution) in which, with the emergence of the Samarra School and the encounter with modernity, an "Epistemic rupture" occurred. In this era, Nahj al-Balāgha became a tool for the "Delegitimization of despotism" and the "Foundation of political theology." Methodologically, there was also a fundamental shift from "Sequential-lexical commentary" to "Systematic analysis" aimed at extracting a coherent intellectual school from Nahj al-Balāgha . The study concludes that developments in commentary writing constitute a key indicator for tracing the transition of Shiʿi thought from "Individual ethics" to "Political jurisprudence" in the modern period.