درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Physical exercise is well-known for its systemic health benefits, particularly in cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, its role in ocular health is an emerging area of interest. This review explores the current evidence on how regular physical activity can prevent and manage various eye diseases, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and cataracts. The underlying mechanisms, such as improved ocular blood flow, reduced intraocular pressure (IOP), and enhanced metabolic control, are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how exercise contributes to maintaining eye health.

Intellectual impairment is one of the most common mental disorders associated with impaired balance and impaired motor performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of game-based intervention on postural control and motor performance in children with intellectual impairment. The population of this study was all of the intellectual impaired girls of Tehran and Mashhad City, and sample consisted of 20 educable intellectual impaired girls, who were healthy physically and voluntarily participated in this research. The subjects were randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups (n=10). The experimental groups had six weeks of game-based intervention with two sessions per week. During this period, the control group control group engaged in the routine activities of the physical education class. The Timed Up and GO and Stork tests were done as pre-posttest, respectively. Data were analyzed through descriptive and analysis of independent T-test. The findings showed that the implementation of the six-week exercise program led to improvements in static balance (P=0.001) and motor performance (P=0.001) of the participants in the game group compared to the control group. The findings of the study underline the importance of early, structured interventions for children with mild intellectual disabilities, particularly those based on game. Such interventions not only improve motor performance and balance but also contribute to overall physical, cognitive, and social development. Given the positive impact of game-based interventions, they should be integrated into rehabilitation and educational programs for children with intellectual disabilities to support their development and improve their quality of life.

The pathophysiology of heat stress occurs when the body's environmental and physiological responses exceed its ability to maintain homeostasis. When internal heat signals or external factors raise body temperature beyond a certain limit that the cooling mechanisms can effectively manage, the resulting increase in core temperature triggers response pathways that themselves induce physiological stress. The primary response mechanisms to heat stress include sweating, peripheral vasodilation, and shivering as thermogenic responses—all of which are activated by elevated temperatures and may seem counterproductive to the body's requirements, yet they operate through a neuromuscular and hormonal feedback system. Genetic factors influence individual heat tolerance; for instance, certain populations have variations in heat shock proteins (HSP70) and ion channels (TRPV1, RYR1) that enhance their heat response and tolerance. Additionally, individuals with higher relative VO2 max levels demonstrate greater heat tolerance, as those who are physically trained exhibit more sudomotor activity and effective evaporative cooling compared to untrained individuals. Furthermore, individuals who acclimatize to heat over time develop improved thresholds for heat stress, enabling them to better regulate internal and cardiovascular temperature stresses during exposure. This knowledge is crucial for populations at risk and in situations where physical exertion is required in hot conditions.