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Several metabolic changes caused by regular exercise, can lead to adaptive mechanisms in athletes. These changes create a new dynamic balance that ensures better performance. On the other hand, because most studies on changes in the metabolic profile of the blood have been conducted in male athletes, this study investigated the effects of different exercise conditions on reactive oxygen species (ROS), adiponectin, and subjective mood in female athletes. A cohort of 30 females, 20 professional players (10 target shooters and 10 basketball players), and 10 sedentary females as control group were enrolled in the study. Capillary blood samples and the Brunel Mood Scale questionnaire (BRUMS) were collected at noon before the training session. ROS and adiponectin were determined by the ELISA method. To compare among groups, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of P<0.05. Physiological evaluations showed a significant high level of adiponectin in basketball players (p=0.005). The anger subscale in the basketball group had a significant increase compared to other groups (p=0.04). The tension subscale exhibited a higher level in the shooting group than in the control group. (p=0.017). Regarding the vigor subscale, there was no significant difference in experimental groups, and there was a significant difference in the non-athlete group (control) (p=0.001). Basketball, being a team sport, exhibits a greater degree of aggression in contrast to shooting, which is classified as an individual sport. More focus of coaches on adjusting in another sport with non-competitive and non-confrontational features to reduce anger is suggested.

This research paper presented a comprehensive analysis of the literature on winter sports tourism, tracing its development over a span of 56 years. It was reviewed with bibliometric techniques with VOSviewer software. The extensive bibliometric analysis revealed emerging trends, notable research contributions, and key participants in the field. Prominent countries in this niche are Australia and Canada, while the Universities of Innsbruck and Waterloo, journals such as Sustainability Journal (Switzerland), and authors such as Falk and Muller, Peters, Scottwere have shown significant focus in this area. Therefore, the study highlights the increasing importance of this niche tourism sector, reflecting a surge of interest in recent years as indicated by the rising number of relevant research papers. The review also underscored how vital bibliographic studies are to comprehending the landscape of winter sports tourism. The findings provided trends, patterns, and a roadmap for prospective researchers, flagging the necessity of keeping pace with the evolving realities of winter sports tourism and establishing a valuable foundation for understanding and examining current trends and future developments in winter sports tourism. That will undoubtedly prove useful for both researchers and decision-makers in the field of winter sports tourism.

We have reviewed the coaches' role in German talent identification and development football programs and followed the qualitative meta-synthesis method with Sadowski and Barroso's approach. We verified 56 documents and extracted 695 nonrepetitive open codes and 135 concepts. We showed that coaches' roles in a talent program consists of Competency, Leadership, and Organizational components. Competency components include selection, training, coaching, and performance. Leadership components include Technical and DFB & DFL. Finally, the Organizational components comprise the Double Pass, coordinators, and DFBnet. Properly organizing and equilibrium between these three parts can leverage and lead to successful coaches and the program. According to the critical role of alent programs and coaches in sports development, setting up national TID and TDE programs, especially in sports, are very important. Implementing a large-scale project with various criteria is complex; because it requires high cooperation, mutual understanding, and national determination. Many employees are involved in such systems with instrumental, scientific, experimental, and specialized aspects.

Background: Caffeine is widely recognized as a potent ergogenic aid commonly used to enhance exercise performance and recovery. However, individual responses to caffeine can vary significantly, a variability that might be explained by genetic differences.Aim: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the CYP1A2 rs762551 SNP on the effects of caffeine (CAF) consumption on growth hormone (GH) and testosterone (TS) levels response to resistance exercise (RE) in male athletes.Materials and Methods: Thirty resistance-trained men (mean age 21.72±4.06 years, weight 77.31±14.07 kg, height 179.31±5.08 cm) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. They consumed either CAF (6 mg/kg) or placebo (PL; 6 mg/kg maltodextrin) one hour before performing a RE protocol including three sets with 85% of 1RM and two-minute rest. CYP1A2 genotyping categorized participants as AA homozygous ("fast" metabolizers) or AC heterozygous ("slow" metabolizers). GH and TS levels were measured by ELISA methods.Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences in GH levels across time (F=10.94, P=0.000), with significant time-group (F=4.3, P=0.019) and time-genotype-group interactions (F=3.83, P=0.024). One-way ANOVA indicated significant differences in GH levels between CAF and PL conditions in AA individuals, but not in AC/CC genotypes. For testosterone, significant effects of time (F=14.88, P=0.000) and time-group interaction (F=3.197, P=0.045) were observed. Post-RE CAF supplementation significantly increased serum GH and TS levels in AA individuals compared to PL. Both CAF and PL groups showed increased serum hormone concentrations post-exercise.Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrated that caffeine consumption significantly increased serum levels of growth hormone and testosterone in individuals with the AA genotype of the CYP1A2 rs762551 SNP. These findings suggest that genetic variations play a role in the hormonal response to caffeine, which may have implications for exercise performance and recovery strategies.