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This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the modification of hesitant customers’ mental models in sports clubs. The research employed a qualitative approach, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Data were collected through interviews, and the study's validity and reliability were confirmed based on the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. In total, 13 interviews were conducted with experts, including university professors, managers, and coaches of sports clubs, continuing until theoretical saturation and data adequacy were achieved. The collected data were then analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. The findings revealed 56 basic themes, which were organized into 14 structured themes and 5 overarching themes. The structured themes included specialized knowledge, adaptation, synergy, environmental management, customer management, task organization, customer acquisition, communication and follow-up, accountability, design and development, quality enhancement, neuromarketing, mental model recognition, and advertising. The overarching themes encompassed expertise, management, communication, services, and marketing. To modify the mental models of hesitant sports club customers, it is essential to focus on the identified indicators, thereby creating conditions that encourage these customers to engage with sports clubs.

Relationship marketing is considered an influential factor in changing customer purchasing behavior and plays an important role in the development of sport clubs' brand equity. This research aims to investigate the role of relationship marketing on brand equity with the mediating role of brand identification and brand experience in Isfahan fitness clubs during the year 2024. The study is applied in nature and was conducted using a survey method. The research instruments included standard questionnaires measuring relationship marketing, brand equity, brand identification, and brand experience. The reliability coefficients of the questionnaires were estimated at 0.82, 0.81, 0.86, and 0.74, respectively. The statistical population consisted of 384 customers of Isfahan fitness clubs. The findings revealed that relationship marketing had a significant impact on brand equity (β=0.33, t=6.94, p<0.01), brand identification (β=0.48, t=11.17, p<0.01), and brand experience (β=0.55, t=15.86, p<0.01). Additionally, brand identification (β=0.32, t=6.72, p<0.01) and brand experience (β=0.24, t=5.16, p<0.01) had a significant effect on brand equity. Since previous studies have mostly focused on the importance of relationship marketing in non-sport organizations, the present research underscores the importance of evaluating its effect on brand equity in sport clubs, considering the mediating role of brand identification and experience.

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of e-commerce platforms with the mediating role of customer-related factors on the intention to purchase sportswear and the presentation of the model. The present study is applied and descriptive. The statistical population of the study is 420 sportswear customers in Rasht. The field data collection method, the data collection tool, the standard questionnaire, and the data analysis method, structural equation modeling were used, and the reliability of the tool was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and the composite reliability and construct validity through convergent and divergent validity using factor analysis. After a descriptive study of the variables, the factor structure analysis technique and path analysis were used, and the path coefficients for the variables were examined using PLS3 software. The results of the study showed that e-commerce platforms, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, customer purchase behavior, and customer perceived value did not have a significant relationship on purchase intention, and customer perceived value, customer purchase behavior, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction mediated the relationship between e-commerce platforms and purchase intention. From the results of the research, it can be concluded that by creating a reliable and secure platform that introduces sports products well and makes the shopping process easy for the customer, it can lead to customer satisfaction and repeat purchases; therefore, it is recommended that managers of sportswear stores use social media platforms and media to introduce and sell their products in order to grow and survive in today's competitive market.

In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) across various industries has significantly transformed traditional practices, particularly in marketing. As sports marketing increasingly turns to AI-generated content, understanding the factors that influence consumer attitudes and purchase intentions becomes crucial for the effective utilization of this innovative technology. This article examines the impact of two key factors— observability and compatibility—of AI-generated sports marketing content on consumer attitudes and their purchase intentions. In today’s competitive world, understanding how this novel technology affects consumer behavior and how they interact with marketing content is of particular importance. Data was collected through a questionnaire using simple random sampling from sports consumers (n=300). A quantitative research method and structural equation modeling were employed, and the data were analyzed using SEM-Smart PLS TM3 software. The results indicated that observability and compatibility significantly influence consumer attitudes, which in turn affect purchase intentions. The robustness of the research model was confirmed through R2 and β values, emphasizing the importance of using innovative technologies in sports marketing. This article is one of the few studies focusing on the effects of AI-generated content in the sports industry and offers suggestions for improving sports marketing strategies.

This research was conducted with the aim of presenting the Islamic marketing framework with the fuzzy Delphi approach in the consumers of sports goods in the virtual space. In terms of the objective, the present research was qualitative-exploratory and its analysis method was the fuzzy Delphi technique. The statistical population of this research included 14 professors of sports management, market evaluation, and researchers in this field, and a targeted sampling method was used. The main tool of data collection in the research was fuzzy Delphi questionnaire. Also, the current research method was carried out in 5 steps. The results of the research showed that 5 factors 1. Islamic mix (Islamic production, public benefit,  ethical product, product quality), 2. Sales (sufficient information to the customer About the goods and services of the transaction, respecting the customer and observing kindness, the need to pay attention to the satisfaction of the parties and to pay attention to the needs and desires of the customers, confronting the customer, being complacent in the sale and taking back the goods after the transaction if necessary, making the customers aware of the losses. possibility and side effects of the product, provision of skills, support, improvement of the environment), 3. Marketing planning ( legal framework, Islamic promotion and promotion, religious personality), 4. Islamic propaganda (honesty, abstinence) from false advertisements and slogans, educating customers, not hiding the defects of the product) and 5. Confronting the customer (denying betrayal to competitors and not trying to Bankrupting them, complying with ethical frameworks, not presenting false effects to attract customers from other competitors) are among the factors of the Islamic marketing framework in Consumers of sports goods in a virtual way with a fuzzy Delphi approach.

The research method employed a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative), with participants consisting of experts in sports marketing, media, and e-sport businesses. The selection criteria for participants in the qualitative section were theoretical saturation, and a purposive sampling method along with snowball sampling strategy resulted in the selection of 18 individuals. The identified individuals from the qualitative section were then used for structural-interpretive analysis. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews for the qualitative section and a 14x14 matrix for the quantitative section. To ensure validity and reliability, the coding process utilized strategies such as credibility, transferability, conformability, process audit, and agreement within the subject. The qualitative data analysis involved two stages: initial coding and focused coding, while the quantitative data analysis employed the structural interpretive modeling and the MICMAC analysis. The findings revealed 14 determinant factors related to social media marketing in e-sport businesses. Based on the structural interpretive analysis, the relationships between these factors were categorized into 7 levels, forming a hierarchical relationship model. This model demonstrates that social media marketing in e-sport businesses leads to changes in consumer behavior and the effectiveness of marketing activities. The underlying cause of this transformation is the growth of the digital environment, followed by the widespread penetration of social media networks. Based on these results, it can be concluded that social media marketing in e-sport businesses is a complex multifaceted process, with interconnected components that create interactions and reactions in social media marketing.

The present research was conducted with the aim of improving economic governance in the country's sports based on marketing factors. The participants in this research consisted of individuals with expertise in the field of sports economics. The data collection tool used in this research was semi-structured interviews. To analyze the qualitative data, thematic analysis was employed. The results of this research indicate that in the context of specialized and human facilitators aimed at enhancing economic governance, the main concepts identified include attention to global structures in sports, scientific processes, supportive systems, and managerial systems. In total, 21 components were identified for improving economic governance in the country's sports based on marketing factors, concerning the specialized and human facilitators aimed at enhancing economic governance. Moreover, in terms of foundational, structural, and organizational capabilities concerning the objectives of economic governance, the main concepts identified include expanding penetration rates, building trust, budgeting, and social incentives in sports. A total of 16 components of economic governance in the country's sports, based on marketing factors, were identified. Additionally, regarding the quality of communications in achieving the goals of economic governance, the main concepts included inter-sectoral cooperation, creating a social economy, and informational aspects. In total, 12 components of economic governance in the country's sports, based on marketing factors, were identified in relation to the quality of communications in achieving the goals of economic governance.

The distinctive characteristics of sportswear underscore the critical importance of product quality in this sector, where purchasing decisions are often influenced by brand reputation and perceived quality. Sports products are not only essential for athletic activities but are also increasingly integrated into daily wear and leisure attire. This study examines the impact of sports product quality and retail service quality on brand preference and purchase intention, with a focus on the mediating roles of perceived value and brand equity. Using a descriptive-survey approach and structural equation modeling, the research targeted customers of prominent domestic and international sports brands in Iran. Given the unlimited population size, a sample of 384 was determined based on the Krejcie and Morgan table; ultimately, 370 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected using validated scales: perceived value (Ebrahimi et al., 2014), brand equity (Boyle et al., 2013), purchase intention and brand preference (Chang & Liu, 2009), and product and service quality adapted from Ebrahimi et al. (2009) and Ismailpour and Goldouzi (2013). The structural equation analysis revealed that both product and service quality directly affect purchase intention and also exert influence through the mediating role of brand equity. Furthermore, brand equity mediated the relationship between quality dimensions and brand preference. These findings suggest that enhancing perceived quality—through factors such as durability, functionality, product design, and after-sales service, supported by strategic communication—can strengthen brand preference and maximize purchase intention among consumers.

The aim of the present study was to identify and explain the factors influencing business intelligence in online sports enterprises. The research employed a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. The statistical population consisted of experts, specialists, university professors, and entrepreneurs active in the domain of sports business. A snowball sampling method was employed to select participants for in-depth interviews. The primary data collection instrument was semi-structured interviews conducted with 17 participants. The validity of the interview protocol was verified by both the interviewees and a panel of academic experts. To assess reliability, the intra-subject agreement method was used, yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.87. Data analysis was conducted using grounded theory methodology. Findings revealed that the key factors influencing business intelligence in online sports enterprises include: innovation development, resource management, internet-based business expansion, supportive legal and policy frameworks, and cultural infrastructure. These core categories were further broken down into 11 concepts and 52 open codes. Based on these findings, it is recommended that strategic policymaking and effective interventions be implemented to support the development of online sports businesses. Such initiatives may also stimulate short-term employment growth.

According to the new attitude in the management of gymnastics clubs, in the present research, an attempt has been made to design the implementation model of the blue ocean strategy in gymnastics clubs. This research was a qualitative study. The participants in the research were university experts who, according to the nature of the research, were conducted with 10 people in a snowball manner with semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation was reached. In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the research, intra-subject agreement and expert opinions were used and their opinions were revised. To form the theory, Strauss and Corbin's method was used in the form of three stages of open, central and selective coding, and by using blue ocean strategy implementation tools such as the strategy canvas, the four action framework, etc., in order to present the ocean strategy implementation model. 179 The final concept was designed in the form of the foundation's data theory conceptual model consisting of the central category, causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. Also, a 5-step model for implementing the blue ocean strategy in gymnastics clubs was presented, and finally, this model was combined with the conceptual model of the foundation's data theory and the final model was obtained. In order to identify the right path to move towards the blue ocean, strategies of creation, increase, decrease and elimination were used, and finally, the implementation of the strategy resulted in the results of the research.

The current research aimed to develop a freelancing model in Iran's sports industry. This study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of methodology. The statistical population consisted of experts in entrepreneurship, management, and sports management. A purposive snowball sampling method was used, and 19 participants were selected based on theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory approach and Glaser's emergent method. Coding was performed in two stages and three steps: actual coding (open and selective coding) and theoretical coding, through which the research components were identified. In total, 160 codes and 41 categories were extracted across 10 dimensions at three levels: macro, meso, and micro. The findings indicate that at the macro level, cultural, political, social, economic, and legal factors are influential; at the meso level, educational, technological, and media factors play a role; and at the micro level, behavioral and psychological factors are significant. Given the unemployment rate among graduates of sports science and physical education, it is recommended that managers and policymakers take coordinated steps to leverage freelancing capacities to improve employment and entrepreneurship in the country's sports sector.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of brand association on the brand positioning of football clubs in the Iranian premier league with the mediating role of fan-team identification. The present study is a descriptive and correlational study that has been conducted in the field. The research population of the study included football fans of popular football clubs in the Iranian premier league. Based on the formula for the SEM approach , 208 fans were selected through purposive sampling. Brand association, brand positioning, as well as fan-team identification Questionnaire, were used to collect data. The validity of the tool was calculated and confirmed based on content and structural validity, and the reliability was assessed according to Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Structural equation modeling via PLS was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that brand association had a significant effect on both brand positioning (β= 0.23) and fan-team identification (β= 0.31). The results also confirmed the positive and significant effect of fan-team identification on the brand positioning of football clubs in the Iranian premier league (β= 0.29). Moreover, based on the Sobel test, brand association through fan-team identification was effective on the brand positioning. The value of the GOF also indicated the proper fitness of the research model. This study is one of the few types of research that combines and examines brand associations, fan-team identification, and brand positioning through a comprehensive model in the field of Iranian sports.

This study investigates the impact of brand symbolism on brand evangelism behavior among Persepolis Club evangelists in Mashhad during spring 2024. As an applied descriptive-correlational research, data were collected from 320 purposively sampled participants using standard questionnaires: Osmanova et al. (2023) for brand symbolism and Becerra and Badrinarayanan (2013) for brand evangelism. The reliability and validity of the instruments were confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha, internal consistency, composite reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity tests. Structural equation modeling (SEM) via LISREL was employed for data analysis. Results show that brand symbolism significantly affects brand evangelism and its components, including purchase intention (path coefficient = 0.45), positive word-of-mouth (0.30), and negative word-of-mouth against competitors (0.12). Purchase intention further influences positive (0.51) and negative word-of-mouth (0.45), while positive word-of-mouth also impacts negative word-of-mouth toward rival teams (0.27). These findings suggest that brand symbolism positively drives evangelism behaviors such as purchasing Persepolis products and promoting the club while discouraging competitor support. Based on these outcomes, it is recommended that Persepolis Club enhance its brand symbolism through targeted marketing strategies—such as exclusive fan events, social media engagement, and branded merchandise—to deepen fans’ emotional connection and strengthen brand evangelism. Such initiatives are likely to boost positive purchase intentions and supportive word-of-mouth, benefiting the club’s overall brand strength.

The purpose of this article is to present a paradigm model for pink marketing and branding in sports equipment. This research has a "qualitative approach" and uses the grounded theory method. Since the review of previous researches showed that no exactly similar research has been done in this field; Therefore, the application of this theory with the method of Strauss and Corbin (1990) is justified. Theorizing in 3 states is open coding, central coding and selective coding. causal factors include social freedom, becoming an influencer in social media and  women's spontaneity; Background factors include the launch of social media marketing campaigns and increasing the power of influence and purchase of women; Intervening factors include social norms and women's self-branding and strategic factors including pink product (fit with women's taste and taste), pink price (ethical prices), pink advertisement (focusing on emotions in advertising) and pink distribution (external and internal design). Finally, by using the strategic factors of pink branding in sports equipment, we will witness social and cultural identification, targeted marketing and high acceptance. while it's common to find a product in multiple colors, pink is specifically used in gender marketing to make products available in a single version for women, providing marketers with added value.