درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study examines the pivotal role of belief in Divine Sustenance in motivating the practice of almsgiving, drawing on the perspectives of two major Qur’anic commentaries, al-Mīzān and al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr , and employing a descriptive-analytical, comparative approach. The findings indicate that although the two exegetes share alignment in their fundamental principles, they differ significantly in their methodologies and emphases. ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī , adopting a philosophical-theological orientation, interprets Sustenance as a manifestation of Divine Unity in action, understanding almsgiving as returning wealth to its true Owner. Ibn ʿĀshūr , however, with a socio-educational outlook, emphasizes human trusteeship and the practical social functions of almsgiving. At the psychological level, the Qur’anic promise of replacing sustenance is interpreted in al-Mīzān as a divine guarantee that reduces economic anxiety, whereas al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr views it as a catalyst for social participation. ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī considers almsgiving an act of "Seeking the Countenance of God" and a manifestation of the divine, the most excellent order. Ethically and socially, the findings illustrate that Ṭabāṭabāʾī regards almsgiving as a reflection of God’s perfect order, whereas Ibn ʿĀshūr interprets it as a mechanism for wealth redistribution and the realization of social justice. By integrating exegetical insights with the psychology of religion, this research proposes a comprehensive model indicating that the Qur’an simultaneously addresses both individual (reducing economic anxiety) and social (enhancing participation) dimensions to motivate almsgiving.

The terms " ʿInd, Ladun, and Ladayy " are among the frequently recurring concepts in the Qur’an. Despite their high frequency, no systematic and coherent explanation of the underlying meanings of these terms has been provided in existing research. This study, adopting an analytical-critical approach, examines the interpretations of these terms as presented by exegetes from both Sunni and Shiʿi traditions, seeking to extract, classify, and evaluate the most significant views. The findings reveal that while commentators unanimously deny attributing spatiality to God, they identify concepts such as "Special proximity and honor," "Exclusivity," and "Divine absolute knowledge and power" as the primary meanings associated with these terms when used in reference to God. Furthermore, the evaluation of exegetical perspectives demonstrates that some views are entirely untenable, whereas others may be valid in specific contexts; however, their generalization to all verses without due regard for textual indicators and context leads to interpretive inaccuracies. The comprehensive view argued in this study is that the concept of "With God" ( ʿInda Allah ) should be understood as multifaceted and context-dependent, rather than as a fixed and uniform expression. This analysis shows that although earlier interpretations may be defensible in certain cases and in light of specific contexts, their indiscriminate generalization results in semantic weaknesses and interpretive shortcomings.