درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: An important cognitive control process is the ability to inhibit, that mature at different rates during childhood to adolescence. The aim of our research was to construct and validate computer-based Stroop animal size test in children for measuring selective attention and response inhibition. Research Methodology: In this survey study, we prepared the test, after the approval of experts and software development, at first test-retest reliability with a two week was evaluated in a separate sample (N=50, 5-12 years old children), then data was collected from 92 children 5-12 years old (46 girls and 46 boys) included 22 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) studied in the academic year 2022-2023 in Alborz province. Participants decided the real size of animals by pressing response keys on computer. ANOVA, Multivariate analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients and Cronbach α were used to assess reliability and validity (p<0.05). Findings: The findings showed test-retest reliability in significant range (p<0.01). The correlation was high for Stroopnum, (r=0.83), Inconsistent answers, (r=0.72), Wrong answers, (r=0.89) but lower for Consistent answers, (r=0.28) and Reaction time, (r=0.41). To assess the internal consistency, Cronbach Alpha 0.91 computed. ANOVA analysis for comparing children's function in different age groups was (p<0.000). Conclusion: Multivariate analysis was used in comparing children with ADHD to the control group, results showed significant difference between groups in Stroop components, (p<0.007). This computerized Stroop animal size test had satisfactory reliability and validity, that can measure cognitive functions such as selective attention and inhibition in children.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on self-compassion, quality of life, and marital commitment of women who filed for divorce.Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and follow-up design. The population included all women who filed for divorce, either referring or were referred to the psychological and counseling centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization in Neishabour. The sample was selected purposively. Then, 30 women were randomly assigned to the experimental and the control groups (i.e., each group included 15 participants). Data collection instruments included Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale (2003), the World Health Organization’s short form of Quality of Life Scale (1989), and Adams and Jones’ Marital Commitment Questionnaire (1997). Data analysis was performed through repeated measure analysis using SPSS software (version 25).Results: The results showed that acceptance and commitment-based therapy had a positive effect on self-compassion, quality of life, and marital commitment of the women applying for divorce. In addition, the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy was sustained in terms of self-compassion, quality of life, and marital commitment.Conclusion: As a result, this treatment can be used by psychologists and clinical counselors to offer psychological interventions on self-compassion, quality of life, and marital commitment of women who filed for divorce.

 Objective: Critical thinking is considered a vital skill for life, especially for learning among students. The current research aims to determine a causal model of the relationship between parent-child interaction and the disposition towards critical thinking, with cognitive flexibility playing an intermediary role.Method: The design of this research was descriptive-correlational, utilizing structural equation modeling. The study population included male and female middle school students from Lahijan city during the 2023-2024 academic year. A sample of 200 students was selected through convenience sampling. For data collection in this research, the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS), The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) were used. The data were then analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modeling, with the help of SPSS 26 and LISREL 10.2 software.Results: The findings of the research indicated that the proposed model has a good fit. Additionally, parent-child interaction and cognitive flexibility have a direct effect on the disposition towards critical thinking (P > 0.05). Parent-child interaction has a significant and positive indirect effect on the disposition towards critical thinking through cognitive flexibility (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that parent-child interaction and cognitive flexibility can predict critical thinking skills in students. School authorities and parents should pay special attention to these variables.

 Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in reducing bullying behaviours among adolescents in Taraba State, Nigeria.Methods: This study adopted a quasi-experimental design. The population of this study was 3,222 SS1 students of the 2022/2023 Academic Session and a sample of 24 adolescents were drawn as subjects of the study using purposive sampling. The researchers used a questionnaire titled Adolescents’ Behavioural Problem Questionnaire (ABPQ) for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using paired samples and independent samples t-test to analyze the hypotheses.Results: The findings revealed that CBT was effective in reducing bullying behaviours among adolescents. The findings also revealed that there was gender difference in the effectiveness of CBT in reducing bullying behaviours among adolescents.Conclusion: The researchers concluded that CBT is effective in ameliorating bullying behaviours among adolescent students.

Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous system, and the disability resulting from the disease impacts self-efficacy and various mental health dimensions of these patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to propose a structural model for predicting psychological well-being and emotional regulation based on resilience and self-efficacy among MS patients in Tehran. Methods: Given its objective, this research is of the applied type and descriptive in nature concerning data collection methods, specifically employing structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all individuals with MS attending treatment centers in Tehran in 2021, with a minimum sample size estimated at 150. The variables studied were based on the Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale, the Gross and John's Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Schwarzer and Jerusalem's Self-Efficacy Scale. Ultimately, data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS software. Findings: According to the study's findings, all standardized coefficient values related to the dimensions of the latent variables were higher than 0.4, indicating that this measurement model has adequate reliability regarding the items of latent variables. Critical ratio values are usually introduced as validity parameters associated with the structural model and, in this study, all values were significant and outside the range of (-1.96, 1.96), with Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability values greater than 0.7 and AVE values greater than 0.5. Conclusion: Thus, the model enjoys appropriate validity and reliability.