درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Search and rescue operations at sea are one of the most important humanitarian actions that governments and the International Maritime Organization, on behalf of the United Nations, attempted to organize from a normative, structural, and behavioral perspective in the 20th century, and have dealt with shipwrecks and groundings, oil pollution, ship fires, and engine failure. This research aims to investigate the legal regime governing the unintended salvage operations of various maritime cargoes in the Persian Gulf islands and their surrounding waters, with a case study of Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunb Islands. Methodology: In this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the unwanted rescue operations of various maritime cargoes in the Persian Gulf islands and their surrounding waters have been studied, focusing on the islands of Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunb, and international treaties, Iranian domestic laws, and related legal provisions have been legally analyzed to ensure the rule of law. Findings: assistance to seagoing vessels in danger and their rescue, as well as the rescue of objects contained in them, the carriage of cargo and passengers, and similar services that seagoing vessels and ships special for navigation in inland waters and other maritime areas such as the surveillance zone and the exclusive economic zone, provide to each other, regardless of the type of service, location, and occurrence, are recognized in the Iranian legal system. Conclusion: Iran's legal system has taken into account the Maritime Law approved in 1964 in Chapter Eleven - Assistance and Rescue at Sea in 10 articles from Article 173 to Article 183. This law, in Article 173, has recognized assistance to seagoing vessels in danger and their rescue, as well as the rescue of objects contained in them, the carriage of cargo and passengers, and similar services that seagoing vessels and ships special for navigation in inland waters provide to each other, regardless of the type of service, location, and occurrence. Also, Article 174 explains the remuneration for assistance and rescue, and any type of assistance and rescue that has a beneficial result is entitled to fair remuneration. In addition, this article states that if the assistance or rescue does not have a beneficial result, no remuneration will be due for it, and in no case will the amount paid exceed the value of the rescued objects. Iran has also ratified two important conventions on rescue and salvage, such as the 1989 Convention on the Survival of Life at Sea and the 1989 International Convention on Maritime Salvage (SALVAGE), in its legal system. Therefore, these islands are part of Iranian territory based on domestic and international laws and are subject to Iranian laws and regulations, and all rescue and relief operations must be institutionalized based on Iranian laws and regulations and international conventions.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The analysis and evaluation of the potential power of various states in global arenas have consistently been subjects of scholarly attention and discussion within the field of international relations. This inquiry becomes particularly salient during pivotal historical moments and major shifts in global civilization, especially during periods of power transition: Which country is poised to become the next superpower? Historically, nations such as Iran, Greece, Italy, Spain, France, and England, and more recently, the United States, have played significant roles in shaping global civilization and exerting considerable influence worldwide. A key factor contributing to their power has been their maritime strength; their formidable presence at sea has historically served as an indicator of their overall power. Methodology: The objective of this article is to present a comprehensive geopolitical model designed to assess the potential power of China through a geopolitical lens. The research methodology employed is qualitative and exploratory. Given the importance of geography and human agency, this study is based on an algorithm that incorporates variables grounded in geopolitical knowledge. The "power cloud probability" model conceptualizes countries as comprehensive systems employing quantitative data analysis and multi-modelling methods to examine the formation of maritime superpowers and assess China's maritime potential. Findings and conclusion: This model enhances our understanding of complex geographical phenomena and facilitates the analysis of global power dynamics and influence. It provides a deeper insight into how geographical elements interact with geopolitical actors. Moreover, the modeling process streamlines research efforts by creating a structured framework for simultaneously examining multiple variables. China's emergence as a maritime superpower has been significantly influenced by its interactions with other countries, particularly the United States, its neighboring states, and nations along the Belt and Road Initiative routes. Although China has made substantial strides in enhancing its maritime capabilities, challenges persist. Its relationships with other countries will continue to play a crucial role in shaping its future maritime trajectory.