International Journal of Maritime Policy

Background and Theoretical Basis: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil Supply Portfolio (on Sea and Land) because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. Methodology: The supply risks are first identified based on the opinion of experts, all of whom are experts in the National Iranian Oil Company, especially in the contracts department, and then weighted using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Findings: The major countries importing oil from Iran are then ranked based on weight. Next, the result of this rating is entered into the mathematical programming model. The results of solving the model indicate the optimal oil supply portfolio and the best countries for oil exports are determined accordingly. Conclusion: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil supply portfolio because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. In this study, the optimal oil supply portfolio is selected based on destination country and transfer risks by combining content analysis, fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making, and mathematical programming techniques. The proposed model suggests that the optimal oil supply portfolio can be determined. In this way, it is possible to determine how much of the export of petroleum products should be allocated to an importing country according to issues such as cost and risk. The results can be generalized to other industries. Thus, future studies can examine the proposed model for the export of other products, including mineral or agricultural products. In other words, the major importing countries can be determined, and optimal allocation to them can be made based on criteria such as risk and cost.  

Marine noise pollution has emerged as a critical environmental challenge in international law, posing serious threats to marine biodiversity, particularly to noise-sensitive species such as marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. The increasing industrialization of the seas, driven by activities such as commercial shipping, military sonar operations, offshore energy exploration, and deep-sea mining, has significantly intensified underwater noise pollution. This phenomenon disrupts marine life by interfering with communication, navigation, reproduction, and feeding patterns, ultimately affecting ecosystem stability. This study examines the role of international conventions in addressing marine noise pollution, with a particular focus on domestic legislation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main research question seeks to determine how international legal frameworks regulate marine noise pollution and to what extent Iran’s national legal system aligns with these global standards. The research hypothesizes that while international conventions, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and related environmental agreements, provide general legal principles, they lack effective enforcement mechanisms. Consequently, the absence of specific, binding global regulations necessitates stronger national implementation measures. A qualitative methodology is employed, relying on doctrinal legal analysis and comparative studies to assess international legal provisions and domestic regulations. The study reviews primary legal sources, including treaties, judicial decisions, and national legislation, alongside secondary sources such as academic literature, policy reports, and expert opinions. The findings reveal that while various international instruments recognize marine noise pollution as a threat to marine biodiversity, they lack precise and binding regulations for its prevention and mitigation. UNCLOS, for instance, sets general obligations for states to prevent marine pollution but does not explicitly define marine noise as a pollutant, leading to legal ambiguities in enforcement. Similarly, agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines provide recommendations rather than legally binding measures. At the national level, Iran’s environmental legal framework incorporates general provisions for marine environmental protection. However, it does not specifically address noise pollution in marine environments, leaving a regulatory gap. Given Iran’s strategic maritime position and extensive coastline, the absence of specific noise pollution regulations poses challenges in fulfilling its international obligations. This study concludes that the mitigation of marine noise pollution requires a multifaceted approach, combining stronger international legal instruments with enhanced enforcement mechanisms and more robust domestic policies. Effective legal frameworks should incorporate mandatory noise reduction measures, stricter environmental impact assessments, and clear liability rules. Additionally, strengthening regional cooperation, fostering scientific research on noise pollution’s impact, and integrating global best practices into national legislation are essential steps. Iran, as a key maritime state, would benefit from adopting specific laws addressing marine noise pollution and aligning its domestic legal system with international environmental standards.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Search and rescue operations at sea are one of the most important humanitarian actions that governments and the International Maritime Organization, on behalf of the United Nations, attempted to organize from a normative, structural, and behavioral perspective in the 20th century, and have dealt with shipwrecks and groundings, oil pollution, ship fires, and engine failure. This research aims to investigate the legal regime governing the unintended salvage operations of various maritime cargoes in the Persian Gulf islands and their surrounding waters, with a case study of Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunb Islands. Methodology: In this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the unwanted rescue operations of various maritime cargoes in the Persian Gulf islands and their surrounding waters have been studied, focusing on the islands of Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunb, and international treaties, Iranian domestic laws, and related legal provisions have been legally analyzed to ensure the rule of law. Findings: assistance to seagoing vessels in danger and their rescue, as well as the rescue of objects contained in them, the carriage of cargo and passengers, and similar services that seagoing vessels and ships special for navigation in inland waters and other maritime areas such as the surveillance zone and the exclusive economic zone, provide to each other, regardless of the type of service, location, and occurrence, are recognized in the Iranian legal system. Conclusion: Iran's legal system has taken into account the Maritime Law approved in 1964 in Chapter Eleven - Assistance and Rescue at Sea in 10 articles from Article 173 to Article 183. This law, in Article 173, has recognized assistance to seagoing vessels in danger and their rescue, as well as the rescue of objects contained in them, the carriage of cargo and passengers, and similar services that seagoing vessels and ships special for navigation in inland waters provide to each other, regardless of the type of service, location, and occurrence. Also, Article 174 explains the remuneration for assistance and rescue, and any type of assistance and rescue that has a beneficial result is entitled to fair remuneration. In addition, this article states that if the assistance or rescue does not have a beneficial result, no remuneration will be due for it, and in no case will the amount paid exceed the value of the rescued objects. Iran has also ratified two important conventions on rescue and salvage, such as the 1989 Convention on the Survival of Life at Sea and the 1989 International Convention on Maritime Salvage (SALVAGE), in its legal system. Therefore, these islands are part of Iranian territory based on domestic and international laws and are subject to Iranian laws and regulations, and all rescue and relief operations must be institutionalized based on Iranian laws and regulations and international conventions.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Tourism has an efficient and effective potential in the economic, social, and cultural growth of countries, especially developing countries such as Iran, which, if implemented, can lead to development. Iran has a significant and unique potential in terms of tourism attractions, so that the capacity of this country can be compared with countries such as Greece, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and some other ancient countries. As an invisible export of goods and services, due to its effectiveness on the process of production and employment, the Tourism industry is one of the most important and most profitable industries of the world and can play a significant role in meeting foreign exchange earnings and economic growth, and development of countries. Methodology: The objective of conducting the present study is to present a model to realize the competitive model of the tourism industry. In this study, the indicators of the Crouch and Ritchie model were used to create a framework that includes the views of experts. The reliability and validity of the research were confirmed through statistical methods to establish the primary indicators along with the defined sub-indices. The statistical universe of the study includes the tourism experts, including university professors, experts employed in the organizations related to tourism, in two sections of governmental and private, who have sufficient acquaintance with the Mazandaran region. The sampling method will be available sampling with the Cochran formula. In available sampling, the researcher uses the available samples, and it is an inexpensive and available sampling method. Findings: The findings of the study show that the rating of factors effective on attraction of tourism destinations of Mazandaran Province are inheritable Cultural resources, built resources, supportive and situational factors, natural inheritable resources, policy making, planning and development, key resources and attractions, condition of demand, management of tourism destination, ability of controlling expense, public infrastructure, ability of concentration and differentiability, respectively. Therefore, it is inferred that, concerning importance towards, other factors effective on attraction of tourism destination of Mazandaran province, competitiveness of destination has less priority. Conclusion: The results show that three main factors are effective in the development of marine and non-marine tourism in Mazandaran province. These factors include primary factors such as heritable cultural resources, heritable natural resources, and built resources. Secondary factors include policy-making, destination planning and development, tourism destination management and supporting situational factors. And tertiary factors such as public infrastructure, demand conditions, key resources, and attractions. This study finally evaluates the destination's competitiveness based on cost control, differentiation, and focusability. The results of the Friedman test show that the highest priority is given to heritable cultural resources with an average score of 11.8, followed by built resources with 8.03 and supporting and situational factors with 31.7. The next priorities include inherited natural resources (7.16), policy and planning (7.14), key resources and attractions (6.81), demand conditions (6.26), tourism destination management (5.88), cost control (5.58), public infrastructure (5.48), focusability (5.27), and finally, differentiation with an average of 0.06.

Throughout history, mankind has always been involved in numerous crises, including war and bloodshed and its consequences and adverse effects. Establishing peace and resolving conflicts has always been the concern of thinkers, and based on this, two main views in this regard have proposed different opinions and viewpoints on the axis of "authenticity of peace" or "just war". In the meantime, sea banditry or piracy, which has a very old history and is as old as the history of human domination of the sea, has become a serious threat in recent years due to reasons such as the change in the behavior pattern of pirates, which often takes hostages and blackmail. It is considered for international trade. This crime, which is one of the first international crimes with universal jurisdiction, has always been the subject of debate among thinkers of different legal systems. One of the important topics in this field is how to make peace or conduct a just war with this phenomenon. The Islamic legal system and international law have presented mostly similar and sometimes different views in this context, so it is necessary to apply and research the jurisprudential teachings related to the principles and regulations of international law. Therefore, in this treatise, the subject of "comparative analysis of countering "sea piracy" from the perspective of just war in Islamic jurisprudence and international law has been discussed. In this research, which was carried out using descriptive and analytical methods and using library sources and texts, these results were obtained that today the issue of war as an important issue and challenge in the international arena has limitations and only when its position as a Acceptable discourse is accepted as a just war. Therefore, according to the principles of international law and the actions taken by sea pirates, in many cases it has many similarities with the title of war in Islamic jurisprudence, and their behavior and actions, which often lead to the deprivation of the security of the seas, can be compared to He knew it as war. However, observing the principles of just war in both the Islamic legal system and international law is necessary and necessary.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Throughout history, humanity has always been involved in numerous crises, including war and bloodshed, and their undesirable consequences and effects. Establishing peace and resolving conflicts has always been of interest to scholars, and accordingly, two main views have been put forward in this regard under the headings of "the originality of peace" or "just war". Meanwhile, sea bandits or piracy, which have a very old history and are as old as the history of human domination of the sea, have become a serious threat to the security of international trade in recent years, since 2008, due to reasons such as changing the behavioral pattern of pirates who often take hostages and extort money. The crime of piracy is one of the first international crimes with global jurisdiction, and has always been the subject of discussion among scholars of various legal systems. One of the important issues in this regard is how to establish peace or a just war with this phenomenon. Methodology: In this research, which uses a descriptive and analytical method, piracy was studied in a comparative manner from the perspective of just war theory in Islamic jurisprudence and international law. The data collection tools in this qualitative research are the use of library resources and texts, and electronic journals, with a common approach in identifying and critiquing the research conducted. Findings: It shows that the Islamic legal system and international law have presented mostly similar and sometimes different views in this regard, but ultimately, both legal systems support the observance of ethical and humanitarian principles. Conclusion: The results show that today, the issue of war is an important issue and challenge that can only be accepted when it is accepted as a just challenge in the international arena. Therefore, considering the principles of international law and the actions of pirates, in many cases there are many similarities with the term war in Islamic jurisprudence, and their behavior and actions, which often lead to the deprivation of sea security, can be considered as war, but observing the principles of just war is both essential and of fundamental importance in the Islamic legal system.