International Journal of Maritime Policy

Deviation of the ship from the contractual or custom route during sea transportation affects not only the contract parties, but also the rights of third parties, and one of the most important parties is the bill of lading holder. The necessity of supporting the bill of lading holder rights and the legal solutions in Iranian and Britain legal systems are analyzed in this article. In Britain's legal system, the social welfare theory is one of the mechanisms designed for the various models to support the person's rights. Under the mentioned principle the bill of lading holder has the right to invoke the contents of the maritime transport contract, and under Iran's legal system, due to Article 12 in The Civil Liability Act 1960 along with the provisions contained in The Revised Sea Act 2011, joint and several liability for the third parties has been recognized. In this article, the effect of deviation on the bill of lading holder rights is analyzed with descriptive-analytical methods and library sources.

One of the pivotal concepts in Maritime Law is a ship’s seaworthiness. Not only its effect is not limited to one element of the shipping industry, but also affects Marine transport, Marine Insurance, Marine Pollution, Carriage of Goods by Sea, Liability, and all other respected bodies in shipping. The concept of seaworthiness has evolved over many years, but it is not clearly point to the exact coverage of seaworthiness in any particular stage of the ship voyage, especially while she is making her way through the fairways and channels to be finally alongside. The ship owner is obliged to provide a seaworthy ship which is the core in the carriage of goods by sea, included in charter parties, where the contract of carriage is between the ship owner and charterer. As seaworthiness is not usually defined in modern standard form charter parties, the meaning of the concept must be ascertained from cases being decided at common law. For this purpose, a large number of decisions of maritime courts were reviewed in order to know the main body of ideology of competent maritime courts to explain and interpret the concept of seaworthiness of a ship.As a result, it is important to analyze the position of the current law; the Common Law, the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules, and the other related regulations, to assess the importance of this concept (As a duty), and how the courts dealt with it under the different types of carriage contracts. Furthermore, it would be important to assess whether the current law is sufficient to reflect the changes in the shipping industry in general, and especially after the introduction of the ISM and ISPS Codes which could considerably affect the carrier’s obligation; or if a desire for change in the law is needed to reflect the changes.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has a huge potential to transform industry and society. Its benefits are widely recognized, and it has become a tool of strategic importance for the European Union and a major driver of economic development. However, as with any technological development, it also comes with challenges that must be assessed and, if necessary, addressed by policy makers and businesses. Artificial intelligence has been a big challenge for the insurance industry for decades and is creating fundamental changes in the way this industry operates. The application of artificial intelligence to eliminate repetitive tasks and improve efficiency is visible in the market of porter insurance and commercial insurance. On the contrary, personalization of insurance through artificial intelligence is limited to personal lines and SME business. However, its application in commercial insurance including various marine levels will be widely involved in the near future. It is likely that AI will have a broad impact on the insurance value chain, from underwriting and claims management to distribution and customer service to asset management. As a result, insurance executives should be familiar with the new technologies involved in this change and how artificial intelligence can help organizations produce innovative products, gather valuable insights from new sources, streamline processes, and improve customer service. The purpose of this article is to make interested people and people involved in the insurance matter familiar with the potential benefits related to artificial intelligence applications and to motivate academics to study controversial topics in this field. For this purpose, we have only referred to the study of existing articles and research regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the insurance industry, especially marine insurance, and its effects on the compensation of losses caused by it.

The environment of the seas is one of the global concerns, the effects and consequences of which cannot be hidden in the political, economic,and security fields of the coastal countries or all the governments of the world.This is because today most of the countries of the world benefit directly or indirectly from the benefits of the seas.Based on this, the concern of the present research is to be able to address the responsibility of the coastal states in protecting the environment of the seas by relying on the principle of participation.The question of the current research is,what are the solutions to make the coastal states responsible for the area of the marine environment?In line with this question,the findings of the present research have shown that making the coastal states responsible requires creating a balance between the economic interests of the states and environmental groups.Also,relying on scientific and research findings concerning the opinion of experts,the principles of international maritime law,and also modeling some regional treaties such as European maritime laws or restrictions imposed by the Australian government,is a suitable support for Identifying the rights and duties of coastal states. Also,the participation of the coastal states automatically and with their supervision is not a solution. This is because the coastal states have interests in marine resources, and in return, the role of non-governmental organizations, civil society, and free media should be taken into account to identify the environmental problems of the seas and also provide solutions from them citing cases of pollution, the contribution of each government and The amount of responsibility of that government is specific. In the current research, due to the critical nature of the topics, the theoretical framework of problem-solving, which originates from critical theory, was used. Also, the research method is descriptive and analytical using library tools.

Ships have always been considered and used as one of the important factors facilitating transportation and trade between countries. For this reason, maritime transport and its related industries are expanding more than before, and the diversity and equipment that can be used on ships is increasing. Nowadays, a lot of carbon is emitted by the shipping industry. It is expected that with the increase in world trade, carbon production will grow more than before. For this reason, the International Maritime Organization and the United Nations reviewed several regulations designed to reduce carbon emissions. These regulations should be applied to market actions business plans, etc. This research, which is a descriptive-analytical method, has tried to answer the basic question, what is the approach of international law regarding the ability of carbon control regulations to affect the shipping industry? The approach of this research shows that from the point of view of international law, carbon control regulations significantly affect the shipping industry.

Nowadays, along with the expansion of the era of globalization, the prosperity of trade, and internationalization, countries pay great attention to customs affairs to facilitate commercial issues. In this regard, they have tried to establish the security of this important process by involving the Navy. Therefore, the present research is trying to investigate the prospect of customs cooperation with the navy forces in facilitating maritime transport trade and developing international trade. From this point of view, following the expansion of the conceptual space of the subject, the role of the navy forces in facilitating maritime transport trade and the development of international trade will be investigated. According to the subject documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the process of collecting information in this research is library. The findings of this article indicate that "the relationship between customs cooperation with the navy forces is an interactive and mutual one, in a way that customs and commercial activities can create conditions in which the navy forces benefit and by establishing maritime and commercial security, navy forces can provide the necessary ground for facilitating maritime transport trade and the development of international trade.