Differentiation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of self-differentiation in the relationship between personality traits and perfectionism in students. Methodology: The present study was descriptive in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection, it was a descriptive correlational design and a path analysis method. The statistical population of the study was all students of Azad University of Science and Research Branch in the academic year 2018-19. The sample consisted of 300 students who were selected by cluster random sampling. Research instruments included Perfectionism Scale Frost (1993), Differentiation Scale Skowron and Friedlander (1998) and Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire Costa and McCreary (1985). Data analysis was done by path analysis and Sobel test at the significant level of 0.05. Findings: The results of data analysis showed that despite the indirect effect of agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness on perfectionism was confirmed by differentiation. On the one hand, differentiation was influenced by personality traits on the one hand and had a significant effect on perfectionism on the other hand (P <0.005). Conclusion: Given that high perfectionism plays a significant part in the development and persistence of individual problems, it can be acknowledged that personality traits influence perfectionism by considering the mediating role of differentiation.

Purpose : Most couples have communication problems in their married life, the existence of chaotic relationships has destructive effects on formation of emotional divorce among couples: purpose of this study was to present a model of emotional divorce based on differentiation with mediating role of attachment styles and experience of we-ness. Methodology : the research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included all parents of students referring to counseling and guidance centers of association of parents and educators of Tehran in 2020 that their number was1836 people.the statistical sample size was considered based on Sample Power statistical software (350 people),and sampling method was multi-stage random.research tools included, Guttman (2008) Emotional Divorce Scale, Skorn and Friedlander (1989) Differentiation inventory, Collins and Reed(1990)Attachment Styles Scale, Vedes, Nussbeck,Bodenman (2013) Experience of We-ness Questionnaire,in this study, data analysis was performed using SPSS software and Smartpls Structural Equations. Findings : the results showed,presenting the model of emotional divorce based on differentiation with mediating role of attachment styles and experience of we-ness, accordance with the theoretical model and has a good fit,also,the study of direct path showed that there is asignificant negative relationship between the components of differentiation, attachment styles and experience of we-ness with emotional divorce and the results of the indirect path also showed that differentiation has a significant negative relationship with mediating role of attachment styles and experience of we-ness with emotional divorce and intensity of desired effect. Conclusion : Inordertocreate cohesion and create asatisfying marital relationship based on recognizing the emotions of each couple and modifying the attachment style and type of differentiation of couples,we can confront the psychological elements to improve the relationship between couples during medical considerations

Purpose: This study aims to identify and analyze the conceptual framework of a task-based curriculum design. The focus is on understanding how this approach integrates active, student-centered learning with the practical application of knowledge, aligning curriculum content with global competencies and career readiness. Methodology: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing content analysis of elementary school textbooks and semi-structured interviews with curriculum experts and educational theorists. Purposeful sampling was used to select 35 textbooks and relevant experts for the study. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, and thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes and patterns related to task-based curriculum components. Findings: The analysis revealed six main domains within the task-based curriculum framework: curriculum design and development, student-centered learning, active and authentic learning, differentiation and adaptation, social learning and collaboration, and assessment and evaluation. These domains emphasize the importance of aligning curriculum with global standards, fostering learner autonomy, integrating authentic tasks, accommodating diverse learning needs, promoting collaboration, and employing task-based assessment methods. The study highlights the critical role of technology integration and continuous curriculum adaptation in maintaining relevance and effectiveness. Conclusion: The task-based curriculum design offers a comprehensive approach that aligns with the demands of contemporary education. By prioritizing active, student-centered learning and the integration of real-world tasks, this approach enhances student engagement, prepares learners fo

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Paradox Timetable Cure (PTC), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix (ACTM), and Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) on differentiation and emotional self-regulation in women experiencing marital conflicts. Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. The study sample consisted of 60 women with marital conflicts, selected through purposive sampling from an initial group of 154. The participants were randomly assigned to four groups: PTC, MACT, EFT, and a control group, each containing 15 members. The intervention included ten 90-minute sessions for each therapy group, while the control group received no treatment. Data were collected using the Differentiation of Self Inventory and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for data analysis. Findings: The results indicated significant improvements in differentiation and emotional self-regulation across all three therapeutic approaches compared to the control group. ACTM and EFT were found to be slightly more effective than PTC in enhancing differentiation and emotional self-regulation (MACT and EFT p = .000, PTC p = .004 in differentiation; ACTM and EFT p = .000, PTC p = .001 in emotional self-regulation). Conclusion: All three therapeutic approaches—PTC, MACT, and EFT—were effective in improving differentiation and emotional self-regulation in women with marital conflicts. However, ACTM and EFT demonstrated marginally higher effectiveness compared to PTC. These findings suggest the utility of these therapies in clinical settings for addressing marital conflicts.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the fit of a structural model of death anxiety and self-acceptance based on psychological flexibility and differentiation, with the mediating role of self-compassion in the elderly. Methods and Materials: The research method was fundamental, descriptive, and correlational in nature. The statistical population consisted of all individuals aged 60 years and above residing in daily elderly care centers in Nowshahr and Chalous counties from February 2024 to August 2024 (N = 232). Due to the limited size of the population, a census method was used, and research questionnaires were distributed to all members of the population. Ultimately, due to damaged or incomplete questionnaires, data from 215 questionnaires were analyzed (n = 215). The research instruments included the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (1970), the Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire by Chamberlain and Haaga (2001), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (Bond et al., 2007), the Differentiation of Self Inventory by Skowron and Friedlander (1998), and Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale (2003). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 and LISREL 8 software. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis indicated a positive and significant relationship between differentiation and self-compassion (r = 0.645, p < .01); a negative and significant relationship between differentiation and death anxiety (r = -0.411, p < .01); a positive and significant relationship between differentiation and self-acceptance (r = 0.700, p < .01); a negative and significant relationship between self-compassion and death anxiety (r = -0.352, p < .01); and a positive and significant relationship between self-compassion and self-acceptance (r = 0.846, p < .01). Path analysis revealed that the indirect path from differentiation to death anxiety through the mediating role of self-compassion was statistically significant (β = -0.629, p < .01). Furthermore, the indirect path from differentiation to self-acceptance through self-compassion was also statistically significant (β = 0.861, p < .01). Conclusion: Thus, the structural model of death anxiety and self-acceptance based on differentiation with the mediating role of self-compassion demonstrated a good fit among elderly individuals residing in daily care centers in Nowshahr and Chalous. These findings may serve as a basis for developing comprehensive therapeutic models to enhance psychological well-being among the elderly. Keywords: Death Anxiety, Self-Acceptance, Differentiation, Self-Compassion, Elderly.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Tourism has an efficient and effective potential in the economic, social, and cultural growth of countries, especially developing countries such as Iran, which, if implemented, can lead to development. Iran has a significant and unique potential in terms of tourism attractions, so that the capacity of this country can be compared with countries such as Greece, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and some other ancient countries. As an invisible export of goods and services, due to its effectiveness on the process of production and employment, the Tourism industry is one of the most important and most profitable industries of the world and can play a significant role in meeting foreign exchange earnings and economic growth, and development of countries. Methodology: The objective of conducting the present study is to present a model to realize the competitive model of the tourism industry. In this study, the indicators of the Crouch and Ritchie model were used to create a framework that includes the views of experts. The reliability and validity of the research were confirmed through statistical methods to establish the primary indicators along with the defined sub-indices. The statistical universe of the study includes the tourism experts, including university professors, experts employed in the organizations related to tourism, in two sections of governmental and private, who have sufficient acquaintance with the Mazandaran region. The sampling method will be available sampling with the Cochran formula. In available sampling, the researcher uses the available samples, and it is an inexpensive and available sampling method. Findings: The findings of the study show that the rating of factors effective on attraction of tourism destinations of Mazandaran Province are inheritable Cultural resources, built resources, supportive and situational factors, natural inheritable resources, policy making, planning and development, key resources and attractions, condition of demand, management of tourism destination, ability of controlling expense, public infrastructure, ability of concentration and differentiability, respectively. Therefore, it is inferred that, concerning importance towards, other factors effective on attraction of tourism destination of Mazandaran province, competitiveness of destination has less priority. Conclusion: The results show that three main factors are effective in the development of marine and non-marine tourism in Mazandaran province. These factors include primary factors such as heritable cultural resources, heritable natural resources, and built resources. Secondary factors include policy-making, destination planning and development, tourism destination management and supporting situational factors. And tertiary factors such as public infrastructure, demand conditions, key resources, and attractions. This study finally evaluates the destination's competitiveness based on cost control, differentiation, and focusability. The results of the Friedman test show that the highest priority is given to heritable cultural resources with an average score of 11.8, followed by built resources with 8.03 and supporting and situational factors with 31.7. The next priorities include inherited natural resources (7.16), policy and planning (7.14), key resources and attractions (6.81), demand conditions (6.26), tourism destination management (5.88), cost control (5.58), public infrastructure (5.48), focusability (5.27), and finally, differentiation with an average of 0.06.