Purpose: This study aims to examine the structural relationships between teacher-student interaction styles, the fulfillment of basic psychological needs, and students' social competence among female middle school students in Lahijan city. Methods and Materials: A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, involving 203 female middle school students selected through cluster random sampling from two schools in Lahijan city during the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected using standard questionnaires: the Teacher-Student Interaction Questionnaire by Murray and Zvoch (2011), the Basic Psychological Needs Scale by Guardia, Deci, and Ryan (2000), and the Social Competence Questionnaire by Parandin (2006). Structural equation modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS software was utilized for data analysis to explore the hypothesized relationships. Findings: The study revealed significant positive relationships between teacher-student interaction styles and the fulfillment of students' basic psychological needs. Additionally, the fulfillment of these needs significantly mediated the relationship between teacher-student interactions and students' social competence. Positive interaction styles characterized by effective communication and trust were found to directly enhance students' social competence. The structural model fit indices indicated that the proposed model adequately explained the data, highlighting the critical role of supportive teacher-student interactions in promoting social competence. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of teacher-student interaction styles in fulfilling students' basic psychological needs, which in turn, enhances their social competence. Effective communication, trust, and support for autonomy are pivotal in creating a
Purpose: The present study aimed to constructing and validating a questionnaire of factors affecting victimization in cyberspace in teenage Girls. Methods and Materials: The research employed a mixed-methods approach, specifically an exploratory sequential design and a tool development model. Initially, in the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescent girls who had experienced cybervictimization at the secondary school level, as well as their parents, in Isfahan, Iran. Participants were purposefully selected, and data saturation was achieved after interviewing eight adolescents, followed by interviews with their parents. The qualitative analysis was performed using the Colaizzi method and MaxQDA software. The factors influencing cybervictimization from the perspectives of both adolescents and parents were identified, which led to the development of an initial questionnaire for the quantitative phase. The quantitative phase used a survey method, and a sample of 384 female students from secondary schools in districts 3, 4, and 6 of Isfahan, studying in the academic year 2023-2024, was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. After a preliminary trial with 45 students, the questionnaire was administered to the main sample to evaluate its validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using LISREL 7 and SPSS 28 software. The content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by experts, and construct validity was determined through confirmatory factor analysis. Findings: The questionnaire showed convergent validity with the Young Internet Addiction
Purpose: This study aims to identify the key components of a curriculum based on cultural literacy in the education system. Methods: The study employed a qualitative research design, using content analysis to examine a wide range of documents and scholarly articles on cultural literacy. The data were collected from reputable sources between 2009 and 2024, including books, articles, and reports. Through open, axial, and selective coding, the data were analyzed to identify recurring themes and concepts. In total, 665 initial concepts were extracted, which were categorized into 46 subcategories, representing the core components of a culturally literate curriculum. Findings: The analysis revealed 46 distinct components of a culturally literate curriculum, including critical, personal, and cultural evaluation; historical, religious, and political knowledge; student-centered learning strategies; and environmental and social goals. These components emphasize the importance of fostering cultural literacy as a multifaceted concept, incorporating evaluative skills, social responsibility, and awareness of cultural diversity. The study highlights the need for both student-centered and teacher-centered strategies to balance critical engagement with structured learning. Conclusion: The study provides a comprehensive framework for integrating cultural literacy into the education system. By identifying the core components, it offers valuable insights for educators and policymakers to develop curricula that promote cultural understanding, critical thinking, and social cohesion. The findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach that incorporates cultural, educational, and social goals to prepare students for diverse and multicultural environments.
Purpose: The significance of marriage and the anticipation of it in impacting individuals' lives and the quality of relationships is indisputable. Various factors, including attachment styles and personality traits, shape one's view of marriage. This study aims to examine how pessimism about marriage serves as a mediator in the connection between insecure attachment and the age at which young people marry after experiencing divorce. Methods and Materials: This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design and utilized the cross-sectional research method and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population for this study comprised all young males and females in Tehran, specifically between July and November of 2023. A sample of 252 young individuals with divorced parents was selected using purposive sampling. The instruments used to assess the variables included the Revised Adult Attachment scale (RAAS) by Collins (1996) and the optimism questionnaire developed by Shier and Carver (1985). The data collected from the study were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and SmartPLS version 4 software. Statistical significance was determined at the 0.05 level. Findings: According to the research findings, having pessimism about marriage has a significant impact on delaying the marriage age of young individuals (β=0.318, p<0.001). Similarly, having an avoidant attachment style also co
Purpose: The aim of this study was to design a social responsibility model based on the health and welfare of Mazandaran Medical Sciences employees. Methods: The research design was qualitative, using thematic analysis. The statistical population consisted of experts and elites in the fields of management, human resources, health, and medical sciences at Mazandaran Medical Universities in 2023. A purposive and snowball sampling method was employed, and after conducting 15 in-depth interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding, based on the six-stage thematic analysis method of Clarke and Brown. Findings: Based on the thematic analysis results, 16 categories were identified, including the proper selection of managers and employees, provision of welfare services, commitment, attitude, having a policy on social responsibilities, laws and regulations, role conflict resolution, support and participation, evaluation, transparency, improvement of working conditions, cultural promotion, supervision, individual characteristics, a value-based perspective on human capital, and awareness, all of which are essential in designing a social responsibility model based on the health and welfare of Mazandaran Medical Sciences employees. Conclusion: The results showed that the social responsibility model based on health and welfare is organized around themes such as employee welfare and health, individual characteristics, cultural promotion, evaluation and supervision, efficient management, organizational attitude and commitment, and regulations.
Purpose: The main objective of this research is to adapt appropriate models from Japan, Canada, and Australia, aligned with the culture and education system of Iran, for developing students in the teacher education programs in Iran. Methods: The research approach is mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative), with an applied purpose, utilizing George Brady's deductive research model. Data analysis was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through the Smart PLS software. This study employs the four stages of description, interpretation, proximity, and comparison in George Brady's model to examine and compare the main elements of the curriculum (objectives, content, teaching-learning strategies, materials and resources [human and equipment], teaching-learning opportunities, learning environment conditions, and evaluation) in the selected countries to improve Iran's curriculum. Subsequently, after achieving a consensus score, a framework for the curriculum was proposed. Findings: The most important findings indicate that improving the quality of the teacher education system is the main goal, and lifelong learning is the specific objective of this system in the studied countries. Additionally, based on the strategic model for Iran's teacher education system, and considering the performance of leading countries and the findings from interviews using the Delphi method and model fitting, it can be concluded that teaching-learning opportunities, with a factor loading of 4.578, had the greatest influence on the curriculum, while content, with a facto
Purpose: The current research aimed to identify the opportunities of hosting mega sports events (case study: Qatar). Methods and Materials: interpretive paradigm, qualitative approach, and foundational data theorizing strategy were utilized with an emergent or Glazerian approach. The research participants were experts in sports events, such as sports managers, sports management professors, sports experts, and experienced athletes participating in international events. The theoretical sampling method was purposeful, and the persons were consciously selected. The semi-structured interview instrument collected the most important and in-depth information by referring to them. The criterion was the realization of theoretical saturation, which was finally conducted in 14 semi-structured interviews. Interpretive analysis using actual coding and theoretical coding was applied to analyze the content of the interviews. The reliability of the interviews was achieved through reviewing and modifying the findings and confirming the coding of each interview by the interviewee. The reliability of the interviews was confirmed by exploiting process audit and intra-subject agreement of 72%. Findings: 48 opportunities were identified in hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar in 6 categories: "political" with six factors, "economic" with 8, "socio-cultural" with 9, "sports industry" with 8, "Infrastructure and services" with 12 and "environment" with 4. Conclusion: By examining the opportunities of holding the mega event of the World Cup in Qatar, it is suggested to the sports administrators of the countries to host sports events to be seen on the world stage and to give international prestige to their count
Purpose: The current research aimed to predict social well-being based on parenting styles and internet addiction in students. Method: The research was of correlational type, and the statistical population of the present study included all high school students in Tehran in the academic year 2022-2023. The sample size was determined to be 150 using the Tabachnik and Fidell formula (2007). The data collection instruments in this study included the Young Parenting Inventory (1999), the Internet Addiction Test by Young (1982), and the Social Well-Being Scale by Keyes (1998). The research hypotheses were examined using multiple regression analysis. Findings: The findings indicate that based on the coefficient of determination (R2), it can be said that the predictor variables can explain 59% of the variance of students' social well-being, and among the predictor variables, parenting styles of emotional deprivation, emotional inhibition (p <0.01), abandonment and mistrust (p <0.05), as well as internet addiction (p <0.01) entered the regression equation of social well-being in students with negative coefficients and beta coefficients of 0.226, 0.204, 0.166, 0.164, and 0.381. Conclusion: The use of parenting styles of emotional deprivation, emotional inhibition, abandonment, and mistrust by parents, as well as internet addiction by students, will have a negative impact on their social well-being.
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the role of intellectual capital in the management of talents among gifted secondary school students. Methods and Materials: A mixed-methods approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection. The quantitative component involved a binomial test to assess teachers' perceptions of intellectual capital in their schools, with a sample of 108 teachers from gifted secondary schools. The qualitative component consisted of interviews with 16 teachers, principals, and experts to explore their views on the factors influencing talent management. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA software for coding and SPSS for statistical analysis. Findings: The results showed that intellectual capital, particularly human capital, plays a significant role in the management of gifted student talents. Over 90% of the teachers rated intellectual capital and its components (human, structural, and relational) as being above average in their schools. The qualitative analysis identified four key factors influencing talent management: structural, school-related, individual and personality-related, and environmental factors. These findings highlight the importance of investing in intellectual capital to optimize talent management in educational institutions. Conclusion: The study concludes that intellectual capital is a critical determinant of successful talent management in schools. Schools with high levels of human, structural, and relational capital are better equipped to identify and nurture gifted students. Strengthening intellectual capital through teacher training, organizational support, and community engagement is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of talent management strategies. K
Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive model to enhance adjunct faculty collaboration at Islamic Azad University. The research focused on identifying key factors influencing adjunct faculty collaboration by exploring professional, organizational, and individual competencies. Methods and Materials: This study used a quantitative, descriptive-survey research design. The statistical population comprised all adjunct faculty members at Islamic Azad University, with a sample of 404 participants selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling, calculated through Cochran's formula. A researcher-made questionnaire with 95 items across three dimensions—professional competencies, organizational competencies, and individual competencies—was used for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.7. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the proposed model. Findings: The results from EFA identified 12 key factors across the three dimensions, including service delivery skills, job commitment, teaching technology, scientific production, educational innovation, self-efficacy, job identity, foresight, service to society, organizational ethics, participation in scientific development, and support and backing. The CFA confirmed these findings, with self-efficacy and teaching technology emerging as the most significant factors within individual and professional competencies, respectively. The R² values indicated strong correlations between the identified factors and adjunct faculty collaboration. Conclusion: The
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the strategies and outcomes of the e-learning model within the education ecosystem of Iraq's primary education sector. The research aimed to explore the essential strategies for effective e-learning implementation and assess the individual, organizational, and social outcomes of such educational approaches. Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative research based on grounded theory and quantitative descriptive-survey research. The study sample included administrators, teachers, and technology experts selected through purposive criterion-based sampling. In the quantitative phase, a sample of 381 primary school teachers and administrators in Iraq was selected. Data collection instruments included semi-structured interviews for the qualitative phase and a researcher-made questionnaire for the quantitative phase. AMOS23 software was used for confirmatory factor analysis to assess construct validity. Findings: The findings revealed three main e-learning strategies: human development (including student preparation and teacher empowerment), systemic development (encompassing hardware and software development), and learning space management (comprising process management and physical reorganization). The quantitative analysis confirmed that all factor loadings for these categories were above 0.3, indicating robust model fit. The study also identified significant individual, organizational, and social outcomes of e-learning, such as enhanced teacher and student capabil
Purpose: The aim of this study is to reflect on the challenges of teaching a culture of cooperation in an era dominated by ideologies. Methodology: The research method is an analytical-deductive approach, categorized under qualitative research. Findings: In the era of ideologies (totalitarian), the control and alignment of individuals, from the international level to interpersonal relationships, occur with the aim of self-centered recruitment. This is manifested in the formation of parties, groups, associations, and sometimes in other forms, which may be visible or concealed. It appears that ideologies such as fascism, nationalism, conservatism, liberalism, and even sects derived from religions, each to varying degrees, adhere to and act upon the belief of "us as good and others as bad." In this research, the approach of ideologies towards the culture of cooperation is outlined. Following this, the potential challenges in educational systems, primarily in the conflict between teacher and educational system, are discussed in four scenarios. An attempt is made to demonstrate how having an ideological mindset, and the meaning of "ally" and "alliance" and its examples in ideological thinking, directs the educational process toward "recruitment." Conclusion: The claim of education based on the foundations of religion, science, and philosophy seems ideal, at least one step ahead of education based on ideology; however, the dominance of ideological thoughts in the reality of societies is a factor in the culture of "recruitment." In this context, tea
Purpose: The primary objective of this study is to design a socio-economic model of book publishing with an emphasis on the cultural economy. Methods and Materials: This study employs a grounded theory approach with an inductive movement trajectory. The research process begins with data from the field and literature, leading to conceptualization and determination of relationships between concepts. The statistical population includes all available documents and in-depth interviews with experts in the field of book publishing. The sample size is determined based on theoretical saturation and purposive sampling. Data collection methods include in-depth unstructured and semi-structured interviews, and document studies aimed at discovering and extracting concepts and their interrelationships. Qualitative and conceptual content analysis methods were used through open, axial, and selective coding. Findings: The study identifies several critical factors influencing the book publishing industry in Iran. Key factors include liquidity (5.71%), content production (16.32%), economic conditions (12.06%), social trends (15.19%), cultural trends (4.34%), media (4.34%), legal frameworks (1.93%), and support and infrastructure. Content production emerged as the most significant factor, highlighting the importance of aligning publishing strategies with audience preferences and socio-cultural trends. Economic conditions and social trends also play crucial roles, indicating the need for adaptive strategies in managing financial and social dynamics. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive socio-economic model of book publishing, emphasizing the cultural economy. The findings underscore the importance of financial management, content alignment with audienc
Purpose: The objective of this study is to develop and validate a comprehensive coaching leadership model for elementary school principals. Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques. The qualitative component involved semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in educational leadership to identify key components of the coaching model. The quantitative component included a survey distributed to 353 elementary school principals, with data analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) through SPSSwin20 and SMART PLS 8 software. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. Findings: The findings indicate that the proposed coaching leadership model significantly improves principals' competencies in instructional leadership, organizational management, and relationship-building. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated strong factor loadings and satisfactory model fit indices (GFI = 0.934, CFI = 0.944, RMSEA = 0.064). The model's effectiveness was further supported by enhanced teacher performance and a positive school climate, corroborating existing research on the benefits of coaching in educational leadership. The study identified key strategies such as professional growth, networking, and organizational support as crucial for effective coaching. Conclusion: The coaching leadership model developed in this study holds significant promise for enhancing the leadership competencies of elementary school principals. By providing personalized support and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, coaching can empower principals to effectively manage school operations, support teacher
Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify and determine the importance of futures studies components within the sociology curriculum of senior secondary school textbooks. Methods and Materials: This research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. The qualitative part involved thematic analysis of all senior secondary school sociology textbooks using open, axial, and selective coding to identify key components. The quantitative part utilized Shannon entropy to determine the importance and ranking of these components. The study sample was selected through purposive sampling, focusing on relevant and credible textbooks and sources. Findings: The thematic analysis revealed 40 key components categorized into three main categories: learner characteristics, teacher characteristics, and organizational and structural features. Significant components included research thinking, project-based learning, future-oriented thinking, opportunity creation, and preparing students for the future. The results highlighted the pivotal role of both learners and teachers in fostering a future-oriented learning environment. The Shannon entropy analysis further established the priority and importance of these components within the curriculum. Conclusion: The integration of futures studies components into the sociology curriculum is essential for preparing students to navigate future challenges and opportunities. Emphasizing critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills within the curriculum equips students with the necessary tools for the modern world. The study underscores the need for continuous evaluation and im
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-emotional training on emotional adaptation and working memory among students applying to learn English. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial design was used with 30 participants from Shiraz, divided into an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). The experimental group underwent an eight-week cognitive-emotional training program. Emotional adaptation and working memory were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and five-month follow-up using standardized measures. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Findings: For emotional adaptation, the ANOVA results indicated significant main effects of Time (F(2, 54) = 48.27, p < .001, partial η² = 0.64), Group (F(1, 27) = 93.59, p < .001, partial η² = 0.61), and a significant Time x Group interaction (F(2, 54) = 39.77, p < .001, partial η² = 0.59). Post-hoc Bonferroni tests showed significant differences between baseline and post-intervention (p < .001), baseline and follow-up (p < .001), and post-intervention and follow-up (p = .049). For working memory, the ANOVA results also indicated significant main effects of Time (F(2, 54) = 74.36, p < .001, partial η² = 0.71), Group (F(1, 27) = 117.12, p < .001, partial η² = 0.68), and a significant Time x Group interaction (F(2, 54) = 44.91, p < .001, partial η² = 0.62). Bonferroni tests revealed significant differences between baseline and post-intervention (p < .001), baseline and follow-up (p < .001), and post-intervention and follow-up (p = .036). Conclusion: Cognitive-emotional training significantly enhances emotional adaptation and working memory in students learning English. These improvements were sustained over a five-month period, suggesting long-term benefits. Integrating such training into educational programs could improve academic outcomes and emotional well-being for language learners. Keywords
Purpose: This study aims to identify and analyze the conceptual framework of a task-based curriculum design. The focus is on understanding how this approach integrates active, student-centered learning with the practical application of knowledge, aligning curriculum content with global competencies and career readiness. Methodology: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing content analysis of elementary school textbooks and semi-structured interviews with curriculum experts and educational theorists. Purposeful sampling was used to select 35 textbooks and relevant experts for the study. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, and thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes and patterns related to task-based curriculum components. Findings: The analysis revealed six main domains within the task-based curriculum framework: curriculum design and development, student-centered learning, active and authentic learning, differentiation and adaptation, social learning and collaboration, and assessment and evaluation. These domains emphasize the importance of aligning curriculum with global standards, fostering learner autonomy, integrating authentic tasks, accommodating diverse learning needs, promoting collaboration, and employing task-based assessment methods. The study highlights the critical role of technology integration and continuous curriculum adaptation in maintaining relevance and effectiveness. Conclusion: The task-based curriculum design offers a comprehensive approach that aligns with the demands of contemporary education. By prioritizing active, student-centered learning and the integration of real-world tasks, this approach enhances student engagement, prepares learners fo
Purpose: This study aims to develop a comprehensive scale for assessing the teacher-student relationship by integrating elements from various established theories in educational psychology. Methodology: The study employed a systematic review approach, following the framework by Oakley and Shabrams (2010), to synthesize dimensions from attachment theory, interpersonal theory, social support theory, and self-determination theory. Items for each dimension were adapted from existing validated questionnaires. The initial scale comprised 80 items and was subjected to face and content validity assessment by an expert panel. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated to ensure the relevance and essentiality of the items. Findings: Six core dimensions were identified: emotional support, conflict, autonomy and independence, self-worth and competence, instrumental support, and informational support. The final student version comprised 32 items, while the teacher version included 30 items. The validation process confirmed that the items accurately reflect the theoretical constructs and are relevant to the educational context. The findings align with existing literature, emphasizing the importance of emotional and instrumental support, effective conflict management, and the role of autonomy in enhancing student engagement and academic performance. Conclusion: The developed scale provides a comprehensive and validated tool for assessing the teacher-student relationship, integrating key dimensions from multiple theoretical perspectives. This tool can be used for both research and practical applications, helping educators to foster positive interactions that enhance student engagement, a
Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the key components necessary for promoting mental health among teachers in exceptional schools in Tehran. This research aimed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to mental health in this unique educational setting and to provide insights that can inform future interventions and support systems. Methodology: An exploratory study design employing thematic analysis was used to achieve the research objective. Participants included university faculty members with expertise in mental health, selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents from scientific databases. The data were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach to identify organizing themes and their associated dimensions and components. Findings: The analysis revealed several key components essential for promoting mental health among teachers in exceptional schools. These included knowledge and awareness, self-efficacy, mind management, quality of life, independence, environmental mastery, moral character, positive feelings, and productivity. Each of these components was found to significantly impact the mental health and well-being of teachers, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and comprehensive training programs. Conclusion: The study underscores the complexity of mental health among teachers in e
Purpose: One of the inherent duties of the Cultural and Social Affairs Department of Farhangian University is to extend the governance of cultural and social spheres across all dimensions of the university. In this regard, numerous and diverse plans and activities have been implemented in recent years. The aim of this article is to analyze the cultural and social activities conducted at the university level and to provide an optimal model in this context. Methodology: The Three-Branch Model was used as a theoretical framework. The method employed was mixed, comprising both qualitative and quantitative sections. The qualitative sample population included 30 cultural experts selected through purposive sampling. The quantitative sample population consisted of 194 active members of student organizations, chosen through stratified random sampling. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Findings: The findings indicate that structural factors (0.195), behavioral factors (0.368), and contextual factors (0.312) play significant roles in the formation of issues and problems in cultural and social programs and activities. Additionally, the regression results show that 63% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by these three variables: structural factors, contextual factors, and behavioral factors. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the structural, behavioral, and contextual factors play significant roles in sha
Purpose: The objective of this study is to explore and identify effective strategies for implementing a comprehensive cultural-educational system at Farhangian University. Methods and Materials: This qualitative research utilized semi-structured interviews with experienced faculty and administrative staff at Farhangian University. Participants were selected based on specific criteria, including their educational background, expertise in cultural and educational roles, and extensive professional experience. The data collection involved in-depth interviews, and the analysis was conducted using thematic analysis to identify key themes and strategies essential for the implementation of the cultural-educational system. Findings: The findings revealed several key themes crucial for the successful implementation of the cultural-educational system. These included the need for clear communication of the comprehensive system plan to managers, the importance of employing experienced faculty and non-faculty members in managerial positions, and prioritizing the cultural unit with dedicated cultural experts. The study also highlighted the necessity of structured curriculum design, legal permissions for course credibility, and the creation of supportive infrastructure, including digital platforms and adequate facilities. Additionally, delegating part of the cultural programs to the provinces was found to foster creativity and innovation among students. Conclusion: The study concludes that a comprehensive cultural-educational system requires clear communication, experienced leadership, structured curriculum design, legal credibility, and supportive infrastructure. By addressing these key areas, universities can create an inclusive and effective educational environment that supports the overall development of stu
Purpose: This study aims to compare the significance of ethnic identity, national identity, and symbolic goods among the residents of Afjeh village, influenced by Tehran's multicultural identity, and Nobandian village, home to indigenous Iranian ethnic groups in Baluchestan. Methods and Materials: This research employed a quantitative survey approach to allow a more precise comparison of symbolic goods. From a practical perspective, it is applied research and falls under interdisciplinary studies. To test the relationships between identified indicators, an independent samples t-test was used. Findings: The findings indicate that the residents of Nobandian demonstrate a stronger sense of attachment to their ethnic identity but place less importance on national identity compared to the residents of Afjeh. Additionally, the Nobandian residents are more engaged in the production, sale, education, and promotion of symbolic goods. Conversely, the emphasis on ethnicity and the use of symbolic goods are less pronounced among the residents of Afjeh. Conclusion: The results highlight that the nature of attachment to ethnic and national identities and the importance of symbolic goods are subject to constant change due to their fluidity. Changes in social, cultural, and political factors in each region alter the level of importance attributed to ethnic identity, national identity, and symbolic goods. Thus, the more stable the cultural, social, and political foundations of a region, the more stable ethnic identity, national identity,
