مطالب

Objective : This research aims to identify recurring carbon reduction policies and their key variables, and analyze their relationships within pharmaceutical distribution in Iran. Methods : A mixed-method of qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. Firstly, a systematic literature review was employed to identify the policies and variables. Afterward, the Intuitive Fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method was used to analyze the causal relationships among identified variables in uncertain conditions. Following snowball sampling, data were gathered through expert questionnaires from 15 specialists in five groups, selected based on relevant expertise in carbon reduction policies, particularly for pharmaceutical distribution companies in Iran.  Results : The study identified three key carbon reduction policies—cap-and-trade, subsidy allocation, and financial penalties—all shaped by distinct variables. Cap-and-trade includes the emission cap, carbon selling price, and demand for carbon emission permits. Subsidy allocation and financial penalties cover the subsidy amount and the penalty rate, respectively. Notably, carbon emission level emerged as the most influential factor in shaping policy effectiveness, while carbon reduction cost was identified as the most impactful variable. These two variables are integral to all three policies, highlighting their pivotal role in policy formulation. While the demand for carbon emission permits remains neutral regarding influence and susceptibility, other variables demonstrate complex interdependencies, creating a dynamic system where policies interact directly through primary variables or indirectly through shared criteria. Conclusion : This study contributes to environmental policy research by offering an analytical framework that integrates uncertainty logic to assess relationships among key variables. The findings suggest that implementing a single policy may not be sufficient—a combination of strategies is recommended for more effective carbon reduction. Understanding how variables interact can help policymakers and businesses design targeted and efficient pharmaceutical distribution strategies in Iran.

The rise of nature-based travel and ecotourism has brought both intentional and unintentional environmental harm, raising concerns about sustainable practices. This study examines how tourists' prior experiences with nature influence their mental well-being, connection to nature, and adoption of responsible environmental behaviors. Focusing on Iran, a country with rich natural and cultural resources, the research explores mechanisms to promote sustainable ecotourism development. Using a descriptive-survey methodology, data were collected from Iranian ecotourists via questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings reveal significant relationships: connection to nature positively impacts responsible environmental behavior, as does mental well-being. Prior ecotourism experiences significantly enhance both connection to nature and mental well-being. Mediation analysis shows that the frequency of ecotourism experiences indirectly influences responsible environmental behavior through mental well-being and connection to nature, with no direct significant effect. These results underscore the importance of fostering emotional and psychological ties to nature to encourage sustainable tourism practices. The study highlights the potential for ecotourism to contribute to environmental conservation by enhancing tourists' well-being and ecological awareness, offering valuable insights for sustainable planning in ecotourism destinations.

Purpose : The current research was conducted with the aim of validating the structural model of open data governance in line with the health of the administrative system in e-government in government organizations. Method : This research, with a practical purpose, was based on a descriptive survey implementation method. The statistical population of the research included the managers of the country's tax affairs organization and several university professors, all of whom (18 person) were selected as a statistical sample. The data collection tool in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire, and confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and Smart PLS software were used for data analysis. Findings : The results of the research show that the structural model of open data governance in the direction of administrative health in e-government at governmental organizations includes six components: platforms (with the dimensions of intra-organizational platforms and external platforms), strategies (with the dimensions of common strategies—internal and external—, intra-organizational strategies, and extra-organizational strategies), intervening conditions (with common dimensions—internal and external), causal category (with dimensions of internal-external organizational factors, individual and social factors), central category, and consequences (with common dimensions—internal and external). Conclusion : Intra-organizational and extra-organizational platforms have a positive and significant effect on common strategies. The strategies of this research have a positive and significant effect on the results. The impact of intervening conditions on the central category is positive and significant. The effect of the causal category of this research, including individual factors and social factors, on the central category, is negative and significant because the regression coefficient has become negative. The impact of the central category on strategies has become negative, but this impact is not significant.

In today’s global economy, sports, especially football, have become key drivers of economic activity, with an estimated fan base of five billion worldwide. Professional football is no longer just entertainment; it has evolved into a dynamic sector that makes substantial contributions to employment and economic output. Football clubs, as multifaceted economic entities, engage in competition not only on the field but also within a fiercely competitive commercial and financial environment. This study employs the Data Envelopment Analysis method to assess the economic performance and growth potential of Iran’s football industry. By analyzing data from 48 football clubs—including a selected group of international benchmarks and eight clubs from Iran’s Premier League—the research provides a comparative evaluation of technical efficiency across diverse organizational and market contexts. The results highlight a stark contrast between benchmark clubs and Iranian clubs. Only a handful of international clubs are positioned on the efficiency frontier, while Iranian clubs show inefficiency levels exceeding 90%, indicating a significant performance gap. This suggests a latent growth potential of more than 700% in critical areas such as revenue, market value, and global competitiveness. The findings underscore the need for institutional, financial, and managerial reforms to address these inefficiencies and unlock the considerable economic potential of Iran’s football industry. Improving technical efficiency could significantly boost the international standing of Iranian clubs and contribute to the broader development of the country’s sports economy.

 Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare personality traits, Perceived Social Support, and interpersonal relationships between two groups of prisoners: those who successfully reintegrated into society and those who re-offended.Methods: This research employed a causal-comparative method. The statistical population consisted of all individuals with a prison record in the central prison of Tehran city within the last 10 years (from 2014 to 2024). The sample size was 159 individuals (88 recidivists and 71 successfully reintegrated individuals), selected through purposive sampling in two groups: recidivists and successfully reintegrated individuals. Participants were assessed using NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Barton Communication Test Revised. The data were then entered into SPSS-22 statistical software for analysis and analyzed using analysis of variance and independent t-tests.Results: The findings revealed that among personality traits, significant differences between the two groups were observed only in the two dimensions of extraversion (P < 0.001) and conscientiousness (P < 0.001), as well as in the total score of Perceived Social Support (P < 0.003) and interpersonal relationships (P < 0.003). The comparison of means indicated that the meaning of these dimensions was higher in the successfully reintegrated group.Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that psychological variables such as extraversion and conscientiousness personality traits, as well as Perceived Social Support and appropriate interpersonal relationships, play a crucial role in successful reintegration into society and prevent re-offending.

The current research is based on a mixed study and with a sequential-exploratory approach with the aim of designing a career path model with regard to the impact of green human resources in the General Department of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare of Fars Province. The statistical population of the research includes academic experts and experts in the field of human resources management in the General Directorate of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare of Fars Province. Data analysis in the qualitative part was analyzed by Delphi method and Maxqda software, and the results led to the production of a questionnaire for the quantitative part. This questionnaire includes two components of career path in seven dimensions, green human resources in seven dimensions and 54 questions. The statistical population of the present research in the quantitative part is 190 employees of the General Administration of Cooperative, Labor and Social Welfare of Fars province, who were selected from among the 375 employees by one-stage cluster random method. It is necessary to explain that in order to collect the information of the questionnaire, two online and manual methods were used to collect the required information. used. that the variable of green human resources (independent variable) has a positive and significant effect on career path work.

This paper presents the results of a geoarchaeological study of the ancient hydraulic structures in the Bozpar Valley and an analysis of their relationship with the standing monuments, especially the two palatial structures known as Kushk-e Ardashir and Zendan-i Soleyman. It presents a raison d’être for each identified structure regarding its hydraulic function and physical integration within the monumental landscape. Then, it suggests an interpretative pattern in their spatial relation to the mentioned monumental structures. The study area is a small and remote valley in the Zagros highlands in southern Iran. It borders the modern provinces of Fars and Bushehr and is historically associated with the Greater Fars region. The monumental structures in this area belong to the Sasanian architectural tradition. Here, their integrated hydraulic structures are investigated interdisciplinary via remote sensing. The analysis indicates different functions for the two monuments: a representative and official kushk and a [seasonal] leisure palace. Based on the nature and function of the integrated hydraulic structures, the former monument seems to relate to food production activities and the latter to currently unidentified activities other than daily life. The results of this study provide further evidence of integrated hydraulic structures in Late Antique Iran and shall trigger comparative studies from neighbouring regions in the future.