مطالب

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of academic maladjustment on academic procrastination with the mediating role of academic self-handicapping of students of Islamic Azad University of Khash. A descriptive research method of correlation type (structural equation model) was carried out. The statistical population of the study was all students of Islamic Azad University of Khash through simple random sampling method. To collect data, the questionnaires of academic self-handicapping by Jones and Rodlet (1982), academic maladjustment by Hamili, Ahmadi, Mousavi and Ghafourian (2015), and academic procrastination by Solomon and Rothblom (1984) were used. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaires was estimated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 0.91, 0.97 and 0.89, respectively. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics including Pearson's correlation coefficient test and structural equation model through SPSS23 and LISREL8.8 software. The findings showed that academic maladjustment has a positive and significant effect on students' academic procrastination, both directly and indirectly through the mediation of academic self-disempowerment. To reduce academic procrastination, it is necessary to plan on factors that strengthen academic adjustment and academic self-disempowerment of students.

Oversight of political power is essential for good governance. This process, by comparing "What is" with "What should be," helps improve resource allocation and enhances the quality of public services. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, following the 1357 SH/1979 AD Revolution, the political system underwent a structural transformation in leadership accountability by establishing the institution of the Leader (alongside the three branches of government) and revoking the absolute immunity of the monarch. This article examines the concept, significance, and mechanisms of oversight over the Leader and related institutions in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Oversight of the Leader has two primary objectives: increasing efficiency and strengthening political legitimacy. The Leader, as defined in the Constitution, is the most important political authority, elected by the Assembly of Experts (who are themselves elected by the people), and holds extensive duties, including determining the general policies of the system and commanding the armed forces. The Leader is equal to all other citizens before the law and can be dismissed by the Assembly of Experts if they lose the necessary qualifications. This article analyzes three main theories of legitimacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the Theory of Appointment (divine legitimacy), the Theory of Election (popular legitimacy), and the Divine-Popular Theory (a combination of both). Each of these theories explains leadership oversight in a different way. This analysis shows that despite differences in theoretical foundations, all perspectives emphasize the necessity of oversight over the Leader and related institutions, paving the way for increased efficiency and the stability of the system.

In the Iranian academic setting, the current investigation aimed to identify the assessment literacy (AL) components that experienced and novice English for Specific Purposes (ESP) teachers with and without TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language) backgrounds comprehended. We designed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study, and selected 100 PhD male and female ESP educators from various branches of Islamic Azad University via criterion sampling in order to complete the teacher assessment literacy scale (TALS). The standard deviation as well as mean of the TALS were computed. The mean scores of the TEFL/non-TEFL and novice/experienced teachers on the seven TALS components were then independently compared using two multivariate analyses of variances (MANOVA). After administering the scale to 100 ESP teachers and analyzing the results, 20 of the instructors were chosen via convenience sampling for observation during the study's qualitative phase. Afterwards, the qualitative information was collected through the use of the observation notes. Employing axial/open coding and content analysis of themes, all of the notes were classified and examined. The results showed that in terms of knowledge of assessment literacy components, instructors with TEFL backgrounds understand much better than teachers without TEFL backgrounds. Similarly, the means of all TALS components were greater for inexperienced teachers than for experienced ones. Furthermore, the results of the qualitative phase demonstrated that the novice TEFL teachers performed AL components more effectively than their non-TEFL counterparts as well as the experienced TEFL/non-TEFL instructors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed significant vulnerabilities in production and consumption systems. Its economic and social consequences have underscored the urgent need for more sustainable approaches to food production and consumption. Since young consumers are often described as innovators and environmentalists, the present research aims to identify the influence of consumption ethics, knowledge, and understanding among young people on their responsible behavior toward food waste in the environment. The statistical population consists of young people aged 18 to 35 in Tehran. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, resulting in 400 participants, and a multi-stage cluster sampling method was employed. The results of hypothesis testing show a positive role for awareness of food waste in encouraging responsible behavior among young people, as well as in shaping their food waste ethics. Additionally, the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on food purchasing by young people has a positive influence on their responsible behavior and their understanding of the environmental impact of food waste. The findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has led more people to adopt food waste reduction behaviors, and that awareness of the ethics and environmental consequences of food waste has increased among young people.

In recent decades, tourism has played a significant role in the economies of many countries. One of the crucial elements in tourism is souvenir shopping. However, there is no research exploring Afghan souvenir shopping behavior. In addition, there is no research analysis of legal and illegal shoppers. The main objective of the present study is to identify the factors influencing Afghan immigrants’ selection of souvenirs, as well as to compare and analyze the purchasing behavior of legal and illegal Afghan immigrants. The research method employed in the current study is a qualitative approach with a semi-structured interview technique. Interviews were conducted with 45 individuals, including legal and illegal Afghan immigrants, comprising tourists, traders, students, and workers traveling to Iran. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. According to the research findings, the influential factors on souvenir selection by legal immigrants include: "Tourism-Centric Nature of Souvenirs", "Needs and Expectations", "Diverse Shopping Styles", "Cultural and Ethnic Lenses", "Ethical Considerations", and "Real and Virtual Worlds”. Additionally, the influential factors of souvenir selection by illegal immigrants include: "Economic Conditions", "Purchase Motivation", "Affordability", "Collective Shopping Style", "Cultural and Ethnic Lenses", "Ethical Considerations", and "Real World Influence". Finally, it offers a comparison of purchasing behavior between legal and illegal societies. This study adds to the current body of knowledge by exploring a novel context.

Lexical bundles, starting with the anticipatory it, mostly serve as stance expressions (e.g., it is necessary to ). While most research centers on anticipatory, it-bundles in one single discipline, not much has been done across different disciplinary areas. Therefore, based on an adaptation of the functional taxonomy proposed by Hewings and Hewings (2002), this research attempted to detect it-bundles using a corpus of 400 research papers in L1-English and L1-Persian in applied linguistics (AL) and information technology (IT) to probe the possible significant resemblances and disparities. According to the results, IT writers employed fewer bundles than their AL counterparts, and their overuse was more impressive than that of their L1-English peers in AL. However, AL and IT writers showed similarity in their use of functional categories; AL writers also made heavier use of two functional categories: emphatic and epistemic. As for practice, writing instructors can exploit the findings of this study to facilitate academic writing instruction. They can also help students to achieve a better comprehension of anticipatory it-bundles .