درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this research is to investigate the architectural index elements in local and Jame Mosques. “Mosque” is an allusion to a place of worship, which should be able to induce a sense of worship in its audience. The forms and roles in the building are the shapes that are influenced by the content and affect the human sensory perception and are directly related to people's beliefs and religion. Therefore, the main issue in its design is the suitability of the architecture of the mosques with their dignity and functional content. When Islam emerged, there was no idea of the principles of building a mosque and the only pattern was the Prophet's house. Iranian architectural styles have changed and evolved during different periods of history, in accordance with governments, religions and beliefs, and with the arrival of Islam, the Iranian architectural style underwent many changes. In general, several prominent elements are used in the architecture of the mosque: the courtyard, the porch, the shrine, the mihrab, the dome and the minaret. However, some mosques lack elements or some have several elements of the same element. So, in this research, by examining the historical (local and Jame) mosques of Zanjan, their architectural index elements which are unknown aspects of this research, as well as to determine the factors influencing the design of these mosques that take the ambiguous dimension of the research, it was revealed through library studies and the descriptive/analytical method of existing documents and research.

The collection of faunal remains considered in this study was obtained from excavations at Qara Tepe, Sagzabad, in 2013, 2014, and 2015, with a particular focus on the Iron Age II and III. A large part of the faunal assemblages was successfully identified. The collection is formed by a range of species, among them being small ruminants (Capra aegagrus, Ovis Aries, Gazella subgutturosa), large ruminants (Bos Taurus, Cervidae, Equidae (Equus caballus, Equus africanus asinus), Carnivora (Canis lupus familiaris, Sus scrofa), Rodentia, Muridae, Lagomorpha, Aves, and Camelidae (Camelus dromedarius). The total of 1200 identifiable pieces belongs to 16 discrete species. The most frequent category is small ruminants, i.e., goats and sheep, a fact indicating that a climate favorable for the breeding of these species characterized the region during the Iron II‒III. The observation also highlights the significant role these animals played in the local subsistence economy during the relevant period. Related remains are profusely associated with human skeletal remains and cemetery burials at Sagzabad. Some are pretty complete, lacking any indications of cutting or butchery. Potential reasons for the abundance of these species were their adaptation to the landscape and their ease of breeding.

The southern part of Lorestan province in Pishkuh is one of the key areas for understanding the cultural periods of Southwest Iran. This area is located near one of the government centers of Elam (Susa in the south) and on two communication routes from south to north and west to east. Therefore, this area can be one of the essential communication areas between the Susa and the Mesopotamian lowlands, the mountainous region of Zagros, and the central plateau of Iran. However, due to the focus of Elam scholars on the two state centers of Susa and Anshan, there is no comprehensive picture of the state of settlements in this region during the Elam period. Based on this, this research aimed to determine and analyze the situation of the Elamite settlements in the area by conducting a systematic archaeological survey in 2016. As a result, 31 sites belonging to the Elamite period were identified. This research showed that most of the Elam sites were formed in the intermountainous valleys and the slopes of mounds. Most of them have a chronological sequence, and in terms of morphology, they show evidence of Elamite nomadic settlements in this region.

Timurid coins serve as a mirror reflecting the significant economic and political events of the era, and their study can provide deeper insights into the economic and social dynamics of the Timurid period. This research examines the Timurid coins housed in the Museum of Bu-Ali Sina Mausoleum using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. A specialized review of the initial results obtained from XRF spectroscopy, particularly in numismatic studies, holds significant importance and can be a fundamental step toward reducing errors and enhancing precision in interdisciplinary analyses. XRF technology, as a non-destructive method, enables precise examination of the chemical composition and identification of elements present in coins. However, without meticulous monitoring and comprehensive reevaluation of the obtained results, misinterpretations and uncertainty in historical analyses may arise. The research questions focus on the value of reinterpreting and analyzing XRF spectroscopy data and their role in identifying counterfeit coins and understanding economic and cultural characteristics in numismatic studies. The central hypothesis of the study posits that raw XRF spectroscopy data do not provide accurate results, and in-depth analysis by experts is required for a precise examination of coins. This research also highlights the importance of detailed spectrum analysis, technical challenges in data interpretation, and the use of interdisciplinary approaches to enhance the accuracy of results. The findings reveal that a more profound reinterpretation of XRF spectroscopy data significantly contributes to better understanding the chemical composition of coins and preserving cultural heritage treasures. It also provides deeper insights into the economic policies and activities of the Timurid period.

The influence of Iranian architectural art on Indian architecture is a category that is as old as the cultural-civilization relations between Iran and India, and according to historical evidence, its history goes back to the third century BC, when we witnessed that in the capital of the Mauryan empire, Patliputra, There were influences of Iranian architecture.This flow after the emergence of Islam in the 7th century AH / 13 AD. And especially after the formation of Islamic states in India, it became more intense. The art of Iranian-Islamic architecture with its unique characteristics was used in the construction of large mosques in India, and while combining with Indian architecture, it benefited from Indian materials that were suitable for the climate there. In this regard, Indian architecture benefited from the accuracy and subtleties of Iranian architecture, and from the combination of those two new and independent styles emerged in the art of architecture, which became known as the Indo-Iranian style. Before the Gurkanians came to power, the Indian aspect of this style was more obvious, but in the Gurkanian era, its Iranian aspect prevailed. This style in the construction of the tombs of Gorkani sultans was widely inspired by the garden tradition of the Safavid era.

Naderi Tepe is located in the southeast of Mashhad and is located next to a communication route. According to the typology, the wares of this site include the variety of species and the quantity of pottery pieces from the Chalcolithic to the historical period. During the study of this site, based on the obtained wares, 10 pieces of the sherds and two pieces of stone quern were analyzed by petrography and their thin sections were examined in order to find the minerals in them. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the components of each sherd, the difference in composition and materials between samples, determine the percentage of each composition, determine the temperature of pottery firing according to the available minerals, and investigate the origin of the raw materials that make up wares. In the laboratory, a thin section was prepared from the pottery and then studied with an optical microscope. The results of the studies show that the mineralogy of the sherds from the site shows the better quality and purer paste of the sherds produced from the middle Bronze Age to the end of this period, which shows the high skill of the potter in making and knowing the raw materials in the production of pottery. The results of this research can be the basis for the comparison of ware types in terms of construction techniques and compounds used in them in the surrounding areas, especially in the Mashhad Plain.