درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The Safavid era in Iran coincides with the growth of international trade relations and interaction with European East India companies. The Safavid kings wanted to establish relations with the East India Company, especially the Dutch East India Company, for various reasons. The Dutch were able to surpass their European counterparts in their dealings with the Safavid government by using economic, commercial and sometimes political initiatives, and what kept the Dutch ahead of their other European rivals was the commercial approach of the Dutch ambassadors and political representatives in their dealings with Iranian representatives and officials, the Dutch ambassadors and political representatives tried to spend on commercial activities and the opening of trade House in the ports of the Persian Gulf, so that they could monopolize the trade of the East. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to study the role of the ambassadors of Iran and the Netherlands in the formation and consistency of political-economic relations between the two countries. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that the expansion of Iran's foreign relations with the Dutch government during the reign of Shah Abbas and the gradual access of the political representatives of this government to Iran, led to the prosperity of Iran's foreign trade. Iran's geographical position, was a suitable arena in which ambassadors and businessmen of different countries could pursue their trade goals in the shortest time and at the lowest cost.

In the east of Pahanvar Ray plain, we come to a fertile area (Pishwa/Varamin plain) which has provided suitable conditions for human habitation since the formation of human settlements until today. Due to the location of this plain in the north of the central desert and the border between the two cultural domains of the northeast and the center, the environmental condition and suitable altitude, which are the main factors for the formation of permanent settlements, and the possible existence of extra-regional connections of this area with the neighboring areas, a wide survey was conducted in this area of ​​the plain. It was concluded that during this archaeological investigation, 61 ancient sites from the Sassanid era were found in the east of Varamin and south of Peshwa. It is most likely that Varamin is considered a part of Ray State and based on the available evidence, it is possible that it is the main center of Ray State as well. According to historical texts and archeological data, the state of Ray was one of the important areas of human settlement during the Sassanid period in Iran. Historical texts mention Ray in the Sassanid period, and the number of sites attributed to the Sassanid period in the geographical area of ​​Varamin has not been found until today. Despite this, based on the prominent geographical location of the Varamin region and the references of the historical texts to the Ray state, this region was probably one of the important regions of the historical period in Iran. In the present article, an attempt has been made to describe the historical geography of Ray State in the Sassanid period, while using the archaeological data of the Sassanid period of Varamin, to draw a part of the archeology and historical geography of Varamin in the Sassanid period.

Mythological themes reflecting the worldview and ideology of ancient societies have various applications. One of the applications is for rituals, which have a symbolic dimension. As if these themes are repeated in different societies, they are classified as archetypes. The archetype is derived from Jung's psychological theories, which is revealed in the form of a symbol in the context of myth, epic, and dream. Since dream and myth are the same in nature and structure, this study investigated Dumuzid's dream to find out the origin of mythological rituals in the third millennium BC in Mesopotamia. This study was conducted by a descriptive analytical method using Jung's archetypal approach based on library studies, the results of which showed a relationship between the myth of Dumuzid and rituals of Mesopotamia society, and the story of vegetation gods connected with the rituals of spring and fertility in nature as the source of collective mourning ceremonies and celebrations held every year in their memory. In fact, the rituals are cultural phenomena left over from the agricultural and prehistoric times in ancient societies.

The wave scroll motif is among the designs that, nowadays, are mainly seen in rural and nomadic carpets in a wide geographical area, from Central Asia to Anatolia and the Caucasus, as well as Iran. Historically, this motif originates from Hellenistic art and is still used in oriental carpets today. The purpose of this article is to find out how and the possible time of the arrival of this pattern from Greek art to Iranian carpets using archaeological evidence, including old museum carpets. Using valuable motifs of Sassanian Carpets, this article tracks the transfer of this motif from the Hellenic-Byzantine civilization to the art of pre-Islamic Iran and in various artistic disciplines such as pottery and textiles to clarify this motif’s long journey from pre-Islamic art to the Islamic period. This study shows that the motif was most likely known since the Seleucid period in the Persianate world, but the most evidence of it can be seen in the art of the Parthian and Sasanian periods, furthermore the findings show that this motif was used at least from late Parthian era on the border of hand-made textiles like carpets.