درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In 19th century Iran, through the publication of travelogues, the expansion of capitalism, and familiarity with the governance methods of Western countries, a system of knowledge or grand discourse emerged that represented Iran's backwardness and illness. Within this system of knowledge (episteme), various discourses aimed at remedying this illness were formed, one of the vital being the discourse of modernist nationalism which served as a counter-discourse to the "Anti-autocratic Constitutionalist" discourse and sought to justify its propositions in response to it, was extensively exploited by the Pahlavi court and managed to become the dominant discourse of the court for a long time. The present study employs the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe, focusing on the question of ‘What the semantic network of modernist nationalism discourse was and what function it aimed to achieve?’ The semantic coordinates of this discourse are examined. The results indicated that the most significant signifier of the modernist nationalism discourse was "Iranian nationalism," which, by outlining a semantic network composed of various elements such as superficial and top-down modernization, centralization (establishment of a dominant state), the necessity of reviving the monarchy and kingship, secularism and opposition to Islamism, and the strengthening of militarism, aimed to consolidate the power of the Pahlavi regime by providing a solution for Iran's backwardness.  

Social change and transformation have long been studied by political philosophers and thinkers of social sciences, and a range of classical to modern theories have been presented in the field of "revolution theories". Although Iran`s Islamic Revolution was a unique revolution that had a serious impact on the theorizing of the revolutions, despite the efforts made, the analysis of the Islamic revolution and other divine-human (innate) revolutions still requires theorizing, and also there is a void of native theories based on Islamic principles in this field. Meanwhile, Imam Khomeini`s thought as a theoretician and leader of the Islamic Revolution has a potential for the innate (divine-human) revolution theory. Imam Khomeini (may Allah be pleased with him) explained the revolution and the inner upheaval of man based on the theory of innate and generalize individual's precepts on society, He explained the natural (divine-human) revolutions based on the “Makhmurah” and “Blate” nature and the spiritual and inner transformation of man. This article attempts to extract and analyze the fundamentals and components of the innate theory of revolution from the perspective of Imam Khomeini (RA) based on the foundation's data theorizing method.

Revolutions, as living and dynamic entities, like other political and social phenomena, are exposed to threats and challenges. Preserving and sustaining a revolution is more difficult than achieving victory in one. Therefore, maintaining the achievements and realizing the goals of the Islamic Revo-lution requires identifying the vulnerabilities that can weaken it. Given the importance of analyzing the vulnerabilities of the Islamic Revolution for its preservation and continuation, this research aims to revisit the views of Martyr Motahari on the vulnerabilities of the Islamic Revolution and the strategies to counter these threats. This study, utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method and through document analysis of articles and books, along with notes from written sources, addresses the main question of this paper: What is Martyr Motahari’s perspective on the challenges facing the Islamic Revolution that hinder the realization of its final objectives and its continuation? The re-sults from the analysis of the collected data show that, according to Martyr Motahari, the most im-portant factor in the victory of the Islamic Revolution was the connection between what “is” and what “ought to be”, based on the teachings of Islam. The greatest threats to the Islamic Revolution, he believed, are drifting away from Islam, forgetting its objectives, principles, and Islamic values. In this context, threats such as ideological deviations, transformation, hypocrisy, dogmatism, and in-justice are highlighted. Martyr Motahari’s strategy for preserving and sustaining the Islamic Revolu-tion, and his solutions to counter these challenges, lies in reviving religious thought and applying Islamic teachings in both knowledge and practice. Additionally, maintaining and realizing inde-pendence, freedom, spirituality, and justice are crucial in this regard.

The contemporary history of Iran is deeply intertwined with the problem of the Iranian identi-ty crisis, making it a significant area of study. The main question of this research is: What impact have intellectuals had on the national identity crisis in Iran? This research, using Skinner's hermeneutic method, is conducted on the works and ideas of Hedayat and Shamlou, who are both intellectuals of contemporary history and from two different generations. The presupposition is that intellectual writers have exacerbated the national identity crisis and have had a destructive impact on Iran's national identity in the contemporary era. The results show that Hedayat had a fragmented identity and considered Iran's issues and problems to be a result of superstition born from religion. He believed in a form of extreme archaizing and chal-lenged religious identity in his works. Shamlou, with secular thoughts, opposed what he called "Iranianism" and criticized Iran's cultural roots and symbols. This research not only sheds light on the past but also paves the way for future studies in this area, offering a hopeful outlook on the potential for positive change in Iran's national identity crisis.