political science

Justice has long been a topic of interest and concern in human societies and among scholars. Justice can be considered the ultimate goal of government formation and has always been a fundamental necessity for the collective life of humans throughout history. Distributive justice, the focus of this study, oversees the government's responsibilities towards the people and determines the distribution of occupations, positions, and public wealth. The importance of distributive justice lies in achieving the acceptance of the ruling system and the satisfaction of citizens, leading to stability and the de-velopment of society in various dimensions of collective life, ultimately resulting in national pros-perity. This research aims to analytically and comparatively examine the perspectives of Western and Islamic scholars on distributive justice. The research method is of a library nature. The research findings indicate that distributive justice in the writings of various Western philosophers and think-ers can be found in one of the following four forms: distribution based on merit, distribution based on fairness, distribution based on need, and distribution based on the principle of equality. From the perspective of Islamic scholars, distributive justice emphasizes universal equality of humans, main-taining proportionality in everything, rejecting any form of discrimination, respecting all entitle-ments, equality in benefiting from Bait al-Mal, and belief in the equality of humans before the law.

Good governance addresses how governments manage societies. It plays a special role in the efficiency of governments. The present research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method, library studies, and survey investigations, aims to analyze the efficiency of post-Islamic Revo-lution governments from the viewpoints of transparency and corruption control, emphasizing the Khatami and Rouhani governments. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 20 items, including transparency and corruption control indicators based on the Cochran formula, was distributed randomly among 384 professors and postgraduate students specializing in po-litical science in the universities of Gilan province. The results obtained from the analysis of collected data, using SPSS software and conducting Chi-square and Friedman tests, showed the results of the Chi-square test with a significance level equal to 0.021 and less than 0.05. The impact of transparency and corruption control indicators among the indices of good gov-ernance on the efficiency of Khatami and Rouhani governments is confirmed. Also, consider-ing the extracted average rankings, from a statistical community perspective, the presidency of Seyed Mohammad Khatami in the years (1997-2005) has been more efficient than the presi-dency of Hassan Rouhani (2013-2021) in terms of these two indicators.

The Corruption Perceptions Index, a critical international index based on public opinion sur-veys, reflects the level of corruption in countries. It emphasizes the perceptions and views of experts and elites regarding the extent of bribery and embezzlement among decision-makers and policymakers. Economic corruption poses a significant obstacle to economic growth and development, leading to social ethics issues, increased poverty and injustice, and reduced gov-ernance legitimacy and efficiency. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical method and a deductive approach based on the theoretical framework of good governance, aims to answer the main and subsidiary question: what is the relationship between human development indi-ces and economic corruption in Iran from 2013 to 2021? And what is the correlation between economic corruption and human development indices? The varying levels of economic corrup-tion in Iran during this period have significantly impacted the human development indices in society, and these impacts have evolved. Despite substantial efforts to control economic cor-ruption through modern information technologies, the Corruption Perceptions Index has seen a decline of six ranks during this period. Furthermore, economic corruption and human devel-opment indices typically exhibit an inverse and often negative correlation. This research delves into the relationship between human development indices and societal and economic corruption, providing empirical evidence of their impact and relationship.

In this study, the authors, using a descriptive-analytical method and library research, aim to answer the research question: "What is the position of election expense transparency in the electoral policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran?" According to the research findings, before the enactment of the law on transparency in funding election campaigns and activities in 2019, there was no codified mechanism for transparency in election expenses. Therefore, to achieve this transparency, it was necessary to continue entrusting the issue of general and po-litical qualifications, which the Guardian Council is very sensitive about, to this council. However, regarding the oversight of election expenses, those approved by the Guardian Coun-cil should be entrusted to an independent electoral commission, and financial oversight of the elections should be pursued through the formation of a commission or council for monitoring election expenses. After the approval of this law, the expenses incurred by interest groups within the framework of legal resources such as the candidate's personal assets, contributions from parties and political groups, donations from Iranian individuals, and public resources and facilities can be monitored and reviewed through legal channels.

Popper, by proposing the theory of falsifiability as a prerequisite for the scientific nature of theories and hypotheses and by rejecting inductive method as the conventional scientific methodology up to that time, presented a new criterion for distinguishing science from pseudo-science, which sparked much agreement and disagreement. Inspired by the Socratic dialectical method, he affirmed the un-certainty and conjectural nature of theories and beliefs, and by equating reason with criticism, he considered the only method of approaching truth to be through continuous dialogue while observing the principles of liberty, tolerance, and fallibility in a free environment guaranteed by the democrat-ic state he envisioned. The democracy Popper had in mind, contrary to the prevailing interpretation, did not mean rule by the people or rule by the majority but rather stemmed from critical rationality and its foundations such as falsifiability and fallibility, which had a negative rather than a positive character. Popper, through a negative interpretation of how democracy functioned in ancient Greece, particularly during the Periclean era, first regarded the age-old question of “Who should rule?” as fundamentally mistaken and defined the correct interpretation of democracy as the ability to remove or dismiss an undesirable government without bloodshed. He redefined the punishment of exile in ancient Greece as a method of preventing tyranny and despotism stemming from popular-ity, thereby presenting evidence of the negative and deterrent aspect of democracy. In this study, the researcher, based on a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to show the close relationship be-tween the theory of critical rationality and Popper’s theory of democracy based on the main ques-tion and hypothesis.

The working class in contemporary Iran has faced many problems and limitations in the polit-ical sphere for various reasons, including absolute authoritarian rule and the absence of politi-cal openness. Although from 1941 through 1953, like many other sectors of civil society, the working class also found a suitable breathing space, after the coup of August 19, 1953, the labor movement was once again suppressed. During the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the working class played a significant role in overthrowing the Pahlavi regime by participating in widespread and paralyzing strikes. It contributed greatly to the establishment and consolida-tion of the Islamic system. The present research aims to understand the interactions and polit-ical behavior of the working class in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Thus, the question arises as to what behavior the workers exhibited within the framework of the Islamic Republic system. The research hypothesis is that in recent decades, Iranian workers, influenced by various fac-tors, have tended towards legal political participation and did not have revolutionary and anti-system tendencies contrary to Marxist-Leninist ideology. In this study, we will examine the subject using a descriptive-analytical method and a historical approach.

The present research aims to examine the opportunities and challenges of Shia's culture and religion in the political development process in Iraq after Saddam. The research method is de-scriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that post-Saddam Iraq provided a new opportunity for Shia to participate in power and incorporate their cultural and religious components into governance and forward-looking politics. Shia religion, due to its distinct principles of justice and imamate, sets it apart from other Islamic sects, principles that result in rationality, dy-namic jurisprudence, and freedom, aligning with political development. The approaches of Shia authorities in recent years indicate the existence of rationality as a key element and indi-cator of political development. The attention of the people and obedience to the institution of authority in various fatwas and numerous crises witnessed by Iraq are evidence of political maturity and the growth of customary reasoning among the Shia community in Iraq. Howev-er, Shia in Iraq, due to years of staying away from power, lack of political governance experi-ence, different interpretations of Shia jurisprudence regarding intervention and participation in politics, and realities of society and the international system imposed on Shia culture, have not been entirely in harmony with the Western concept of political development with Shia religious components in this post-Saddam era.

The primary issue of this research was to investigate the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and user behavior patterns on social networks, the impact of AI on voting behavior, and the connection between the use of online data analysis and students' decision-making in presidential elections. This question arises while considering the influence of AI on user behavior patterns and decision-making in presidential elections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of AI variables and online data on user behavior and decision-making in various contexts. This re-search examined the study hypothesis to better understand how behavior and decision-making are shaped in the digital age and the role of modern technologies in these processes. To conduct this research, a survey method and available library resources were utilized. The study used existing sources and collected necessary data from the target population, namely students at universities in Tehran, and employed descriptive and inferential statistics for data analysis. The findings of this research indicate that demographic variables and AI play a significant role in user behavior and de-cision-making, and the use of online data analysis can influence students' decision-making in presi-dential elections. Additionally, AI can be effective in detecting user behavior patterns on social networks and influencing voting behavior. These results can be useful for policymakers, election officials, and social activists in designing effective strategies to monitor user behavior and decision-making in the digital age, contributing to a better understanding of AI's role in shaping behavior and decision-making in society.

Revolutions, as living and dynamic entities, like other political and social phenomena, are exposed to threats and challenges. Preserving and sustaining a revolution is more difficult than achieving victory in one. Therefore, maintaining the achievements and realizing the goals of the Islamic Revo-lution requires identifying the vulnerabilities that can weaken it. Given the importance of analyzing the vulnerabilities of the Islamic Revolution for its preservation and continuation, this research aims to revisit the views of Martyr Motahari on the vulnerabilities of the Islamic Revolution and the strategies to counter these threats. This study, utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method and through document analysis of articles and books, along with notes from written sources, addresses the main question of this paper: What is Martyr Motahari’s perspective on the challenges facing the Islamic Revolution that hinder the realization of its final objectives and its continuation? The re-sults from the analysis of the collected data show that, according to Martyr Motahari, the most im-portant factor in the victory of the Islamic Revolution was the connection between what “is” and what “ought to be”, based on the teachings of Islam. The greatest threats to the Islamic Revolution, he believed, are drifting away from Islam, forgetting its objectives, principles, and Islamic values. In this context, threats such as ideological deviations, transformation, hypocrisy, dogmatism, and in-justice are highlighted. Martyr Motahari’s strategy for preserving and sustaining the Islamic Revolu-tion, and his solutions to counter these challenges, lies in reviving religious thought and applying Islamic teachings in both knowledge and practice. Additionally, maintaining and realizing inde-pendence, freedom, spirituality, and justice are crucial in this regard.