political science

The United States have adopted competitive and even conflictive trade policies to redefine and rewrite the global political economy in the post globalization era. The prime movers of removing trade barriers and expanding trade concession, have adopted a restrictive theory of trade after terrorist attacks of 9/11, with a gradual shift from an easy international trade environment to a selective preferential trade relations with like- minded countries. New measures and technologies were developed to track movement of different goods. Logistics and international shipping industries were negatively affected due to national restrictive policies. The international financial crisis and Covid-19 were additional factors to push developed countries to adopt protective trade policies to neutralize the negative impact of the crisis in the absence of financial resources. Former trade partners were considered competitors and those with different trade theories or interests became adversaries. US trade disputes and conflicts surged in XXI century and international dispute settlement mechanisms were challenged by US foreign policy to obtain concessions. This article is meant to respond to the question that “What is the US practice in international trade in the post-globalization era and what would be the implications for the developing countries and global business environment”? The hypothesis is that “US trade policy and practice in the twenty first century has been affected by global geopolitics and geo- economics, where emerging poles of power are meticulously considered and long-term strategies are adopted. In this context; trade disputes, wars and sanction diplomacy might happen either for trade inequality concerns, optimal tariff theory, or politically painted economic objectives”. A qualitative analytical methodology is used to study roots and causes of re-globalization wars and to analyze consequences of antagonistic approaches for the multilateral trading system. A new liberal theoretical framework is used to analyze post- globalizations US trade practices.

The rapid dissemination of news and the creation of media hype have made social media high-ly powerful in the battle for public opinion. However, today, social media acts as a double-edged sword in covering the Gaza war. While it provides unprecedented coverage opportuni-ties, it also faces serious challenges. Despite limitations such as the rapid spread of infor-mation—which opens the door to misinformation and raises fact-checking concerns—social media in the United States has sought to support Israel. This has heightened suspicions of manipulation, division, and narrative distortion in the eyes of global public opinion. From this perspective, the present article, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to answer the key question: What role do American media play in supporting Israel in the war against Palestine? The research findings indicate that the gaps in the coverage of the Gaza war by American me-dia significantly influence public opinion and seek to shape the discourse surrounding it. As a result, they contribute to a one-dimensional narrative that, by inadequately presenting Pales-tinian perspectives, omitting essential historical and cultural contexts, and neglecting to hu-manize those most affected, reinforces misconceptions and biases. This has, in turn, led to a decline in the perception of democracy in the eyes of public opinion.

Despite benefiting from abundant resources and energy, countries in Western Asia have creat-ed a situation for the region that, in addition to the presence of major powers, interference in regional affairs, and insecurity, the formation of an effective and successful security system in the region fails. In this regard, the Arab NATO plan can be pointed out. In this research, in the framework of Barry Buzan's theory of regional collective security, with an emphasis on the Arab NATO, the patterns of participatory security in the West Asia region were examined and analyzed. The researchers of this study believe that the participatory security model in West Asia has not been successful for several reasons. For this reason, alliances such as the Arab NATO will not be successful if formed.

Since 1970, Turkey has started a series of dams under the name of GAP project during six pe-riods with the aim of developing its southeast regions. This plan has reduced the water re-sources coming out of Turkey and has had destructive consequences on the ecosystem of the countries that are in the path of the said water resources and has caused environmental, eco-nomic and social damages. Although Iran is not directly in the path of the outgoing waters, it has faced such threats as a result. Using the descriptive-analytical method and library and me-dia sources, this research is looking for an answer to this question: How will Turkey's GAP plan cause a big crisis in the region? With the completion of Turkey's GAP project and the continuation of this situation, the consequences of this mega-project under the title of five threats to security (environmental, social, economic, political and military) from the perspec-tive of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies have caused the following and threaten the lives of the people of the region. The drying up of the downstream rivers, floods, intensifica-tion and increase of the micro dust center, lack of water, unemployment, outbreak of disease, deepening of social damage, migration, damage to historical monuments, etc. The findings show that by implementing the GAP project, Turkey has turned water into a pressure lever in the country's foreign policy and one of the main factors of geopolitics and strategy in the Middle East. And contrary to their claims, this project is not in line with sustainable economic development and has caused threats and consequences in the countries affected by the project.

Throughout the evolution of humanity, various factors have influenced human life, enhanced its quality and sometimes posed threats. One could argue that humans have experienced nomadism, urbanization, and the industrial revolution, as well as technological transformation throughout the evolution of their lives. Just as the advent of machines transformed the face of cities, today, the in-troduction of technology and virtual services has revolutionized them. The theory of smart cities, based on information and communication technology, attempts to intelligently transform various layers of the city in order to address current problems and improve the quality of life. Despite the numerous advantages of smart cities, their implementation is considered challenging and complex. Many cities face failure in implementing smart cities. Therefore, a deep and systematic evaluation of influential factors becomes essential. This research aims to evaluate smart city policymaking in Tehran. The study employs an analytical and exploratory method to assess questionnaire questions on a Likert scale with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 5. To determine the reliability and internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used. The research findings indicate that all the strategies and actions examined in this study, from the perspective of experts (specifically, the formulation and implementation of integrated policies, legislation, and a unified vision), are highly important for the smartification of Tehran. This article adopts a conceptual approach, fram-ing the necessary framework for creating smart cities in observed changes in management style. With theoretical inferences from the sociology of change and the theory of the network society, good urban governance is proposed as a causal condition for creating a smart city in Tehran. The implementation of a smart city necessitates a change in the institutional and managerial structure of the urban system.

Money is vital for all terrorist organizations. For some organizations, it is a tool to achieve their goals; for others, it is the objective itself. Terrorists participate in organized crime activi-ties at various levels. Organized crime expert Tamara Makarenko describes the nexus between organized crime clique and terrorist clique. This study expanded her continuum into under-standing the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and its evolution through the organization’s financial sources The Kurdish clique has caused ups and downs in Iran-Turkey relations. The strategy of America and Israel is to exploit ethnic and religious divisions to launch proxy wars in the Middle East and strengthen the permanent presence of their military and intelligence forces in the western borders of Iran. The policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the point of view of national security towards the Kurdish clique in the period 1388-1401 are largely influenced by regional and extra-regional variables in the field of strengthening Kurd-ish separatist clique with the aim of balancing forces and creating obstacles against regional influence. It has been Iran. It can be said that the policy of the Islamic Republic in the form of the governments established in 1388-1401 (especially 1392-1400) was based on the importance of involving ethnic minorities in political power and the foundations of political, economic and cultural development. and provided social.

Iran, one of the powerful players in West Asia, from the beginning of the crisis in Syria, al-ways tried to sensitively take a completely different position from other regional players in supporting the political system of Syria, as one of the important priorities in foreign policy, follow his military and security. Iran's positions in the Syrian crisis were based on the overlap of the national security interests of this country and the Syrian nation-state, because the vic-tory of fundamentalist Salafist groups in Syria could be the biggest security threat to the axis of resistance, Iran's national interests, and Shia geopolitics in the long run. The region should include Shamat and Iraq. These conditions also existed for Russia, which envisions its own interests in the region of West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean. Due to its energy re-sources and geopolitical location, this region is considered an influential and unforgivable area for actors like Russia. By presenting ISIS as a security concern, Tehran and Moscow succeed-ed in limiting the American effort to have a serious presence in Syria through close coopera-tion in addition to eliminating the threat of ISIS. In this article, an attempt was made to an-swer this question by relying on the theory of realism, how the crisis in Syria has affected the relations between Iran and Russia between 2010 and 2017 by emphasizing military-security cooperation.

Thomas Hobbes's theory of "social contract" provided a new basis for the establishment of the gov-ernment, which had fundamental differences with the theories before it. In such a way that he con-sidered the government "constitutional" and not "natural". According to him, before the govern-ment, people lived in a natural state, which is a kind of a state of war, and according to the natural law and the rule of reason, they should have left this state and entered a state of peace. A state of peace requires the "establishment" of the government to provide security. Based on this, the citizens establish the government through agreement and contract and transfer all their rights to it in order to end the war situation and be the final judge of the affairs. This theory of Hobbes was proposed in the field of religious and political ideological controversies, which its roots go back to the late Mid-dle Ages and the conflict between the church and the kingdom regarding the basis of the legitimacy of the government. On this basis, without paying attention to the context of Hobbes's discussion, it is not possible to get a precise understanding of his theory and intention in the "Social Contract" plan. Our goal in this article is to read Hobbes's theory "context-centered" and we use Quentin Skinner's approach. As a result, our question is, in what context was Thomas Hobbes's "social con-tract" about the basis of government legitimacy formed, and what was his intention in proposing it? Our hypothesis is that Thomas Hobbes, in the field of disputes between the church and the kings, based on the two main theories of the absolute authority of the Pope (controversy of installation) and the divine right of kings, to transition from the state of religious-political wars in England, pro-posed a "social contract" and provided a new basis of legitimacy for the establishment of the state.

The examination of the political, analytical, and operational capacity of Iran's political movements at the individual, organizational, and systemic levels forms the theoretical foundation of this re-search. The relationship between the different levels of each of these capacities is also of great sig-nificance. The present study, with a foundational research approach, provides a conceptual frame-work for analyzing and explaining political, analytical, and operational capacities. Here, political capacity refers to qualifications, abilities, and capabilities. Analytical capacity addresses technical, scientific knowledge and analytical techniques at different levels, and finally, operational capacity emphasizes the ability to execute policies and the coordination between them. Accordingly, politi-cal, analytical, and operational capacities at individual, organizational, and systemic levels form a 9-base model in which the relationships between them are taken into account. Political movement analysis is, in fact, the identification of ideological waves inspired by political schools of thought, which have become the source of political opinion and action, creating movement and change in society. However, this is not merely an intellectual study but a sociological analysis. The research findings show that the challenge facing the Principlists movement, due to its adherence to ideologi-cal principles, lies in its analytical capacity at the individual, organizational, and systemic levels, which has affected all of its capacities. However, reformist movements, despite having a high ana-lytical capacity, are unsuccessful in their political and operational performance due to a lack of control over the main centers of power at various levels.