Since the beginning of human settlement, the most important factor in facing various natural and un-natural disasters and facilitating development in a society has been solidarity and unity. However, this can only be achieved through the performance of rulers and the formation of governments. As different societies have formed and various cultures have emerged, and as humanity has progressed toward evolution and excellence, the model of this consensus has also undergone changes. With the establishment of governments, based on the decisions of societies in their modern form, multiple fac-tors have played fundamental roles in shaping this unity, while progressive human thought undoubt-edly influencing this process. However, what prompts further reflection on this issue is how this co-hesion emerges when needed and how its fragmentation being prevented under a governance struc-ture. It is evident that a national governance structure plays a significant role in shaping different pol-icy approaches. Due to the influence of various ideas on the formation of governments and the relent-less efforts of scholars and thinkers to develop a suitable and superior governance model, the concept of "good governance" has gained attention in recent decades. Good governance, when properly aligned with a structure that suits a society’s prevailing conditions, can play a crucial role and evolve over time. Principles such as participation, accountability, transparency, the rule of law, etc., are among the fundamental aspects of governance. Each of these principles can be extensively analyzed, but in this discussion, the focus is on the formation of public consensus or, more appropriately, "so-cial convergence" within a desirable "governance structure." Undoubtedly, this structure plays a key role as a fundamental prerequisite for comprehensive and effective implementation of governance thought in fostering social convergence across various sectors of society and government.
EU's foreign policy instruments have been mainly designed with a normative approach for contribu-tion to stability and peace in a changing political landscape. However, EU foreign policy faces differ-ent challenges that constantly test its ability related to conflict resolution, international understand-ing, and the defence of its Interests, namely, the crisis between the US and Iran in January 2020. This research is to answer the following question: What were the failures of the EU's foreign policy in the middle of the crisis between the US and Iran in January 2020? This paper aims to determine the shortcoming of the EU foreign policy affecting its role as a Global Power during the US-Iran crisis in January 2020. Main objective is to determine the failures of the EU's foreign policy affecting its role as a Global Power in the middle of the crisis between the US and Iran in January 2020 and specific objectives are to summarize the role of the EU as a Global Power in the middle of conflicts, to identi-fy the failure of the European foreign policy during the US-Iran crisis in January 2020 and to suggest a change in the EU foreign policy approach for improving Europeans' role in the international sys-tem.
Social justice, as a concern of human society alongside concepts like freedom, security, democracy, and governance, has always received attention by justice-oriented thinkers. They have provided theo-ries on the concept of justice and how to achieve it. Among them are Morteza Motahari and John Rawls who regarded as influential in global thought. This article focuses on the concept of social jus-tice and its place in governance within the framework of the ideas of these two thinkers, utilizing a descriptive-comparative method by gathering primary data from related articles on social justice with-in a governance approach. For Martyr Motahari, justice is an innate matter, achievable only through the connection of human law to divine law. He sees justice as a fundamental reality created by natural order. In contrast, Rawls views justice as a civil matter, attainable through human consensus under conditions of fairness. This is why, they yield two different outcomes, while ultimately aim to shape reforms and essential concepts by emphasizing that governance cannot start without moving toward justice. Justice is presented as a marker, factor, and aspect essential for progress, development, and the attributes of fair and transcendental governance. Both theories assign duties to governments, as a principal pillar of public rights, in establishing social justice through legislation. However, their views diverge significantly in the origins and foundations of these perspectives, as Rawls approaches justice from a liberal viewpoint, Motahari articulates it in an Islamic context.0
Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the United States of America, in accordance with its interests, has adopted extensive aggressive approaches and strategies against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Analyzing the characteristics of hybrid warfare and comparing them with the concrete and practical actions of the United States since the beginning of the third millennium reveals the intelligent use of hybrid warfare by this country against the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study aims to answer the question: what is America's objective in hybrid warfare against the Islamic Republic of Iran? This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical method, documentary and library studies, as well as questionnaires and interviews with university professors and polit-ical and cultural elite. The findings indicate that the United States' strategy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran since the 1979 Revolution has been pursued at three levels: "containment," "behavior change," and "structure change," each implemented through both soft and hard ap-proaches. Although the United States, at certain times, has managed tensions with the aim of maximizing its own interests, avoiding immediate attribution of the overthrow or collapse of the Islamic Republic of Iran to itself, an examination of its step-by-step strategies shows that the country has aimed, through multi-layered strategies and comprehensive containment, to change the behavior of the people and rulers and alter the value and civic structures of the Islamic Re-public of Iran, thus putting the country in a strategic bind and expanding the groundwork for internal collapse through intensified comprehensive pressures.
In recent years, stability in the security environment of Central Asia and the Caucasus has consistent-ly faced increasing complexities and challenges. Nationalistic tendencies in this region, presence of crises, emergence of internal challenges, weaknesses in nation-building, and the entry of foreign powers have added complexity to the region's security environment. Considering the competition of regional and trans-regional powers and their pursuit of interests in the South Caucasus region, the events in Karabakh in 2020 will not be the last one in this region. This region is always prone to events and crises. Iran must play a role in resolving conflicts in the South Caucasus region by main-taining a neutral yet more active policy than in the past. By establishing an independent mechanism, Iran can pursue its national interests in this region by leveraging existing opportunities. This qualita-tive research article uses an explanatory method to evaluate Iran's foreign policy in the face of region-al crises (such as the Karabakh war) based on the realism model of Morgenthau. It examines Iran's foreign policy approach to recent conflicts in the region and analyzes the role of influential regional and international factors, as well as geopolitical and geostrategic factors, shaping Iran's foreign poli-cy.
This research is a collaborative effort, drawing on the theories and perspectives of political science and cultural management experts and the opinions of experts in political and legal institutions. Our goal is to identify the dimensions, components, and indicators affecting political development through public culture, determine their significance, and present a model of political development through public culture using statistical methods and software such as MATLAB, EXCEL, and SPSS. We invite you to join us in exploring the role of public culture in Iran's political development. In the next stage, we determined the current status and evaluated the role of public culture in Iran's political development from the perspective of managers and students. We identified the deviations of the current public culture in each practical component of political development from the desired state. More importantly, we proposed strategies that could significantly improve the situation, offering a hopeful outlook. These strategies were developed based on the country's position and the results of three types of tests. From the experts' point of view, it was observed that the government holds the most importance among the dimensions of Iran's political development, followed by civil society and citizens.
The current research explores the water crisis and the security in the Middle East region. It ad-dresses the challenges and solutions in terms of lack of available fresh water resources and its unbalanced distribution in the face of increase in water demand as a result of the industrializa-tion of societies, population growth and negative effects of climate change which leads to the occurrence of water scarcity and turning it into a global crisis. Hence, concerns about the lack of water resources in the world in recent decades have led to two general speculations about the future. Relations between governments should be formed around international water resources. One hand, there are those who predict that in the near future, water will be a reason for creating violent conflicts between governments. On the other hand, there are writers and theoreticians who believe in the "catalytic" nature of water for the approximation of governments and more cooperation in this field. The issue of water has emerged both in the form of war and coopera-tion. In the meantime, the need for water in the dry and water-scarce region of the Middle East, the weakness of the international water cooperation systems and the numerous political-economic and social tensions in it, have created the arena for the emergence of water-related security threats in this region.
The foundation and essence of any government lies in the political power inherent in it, provid-ing legitimacy and credibility to that government, both in its establishment and continuation. In essence, the stronger the political power of a government is with a robust support base, the as-surance of its strength and continuity is more guaranteed. Conversely, if the political power of a government relies on a fragile foundation, it will be prone to instability and lack of sustainabil-ity. Now, the question arises: What is the essence of this support base for any political power? In other words, what is the phenomenon that constitutes the support base of the political power of any ruling entity? In response to this fundamental question, various legal, social, and political doctrines have put forth numerous theories, generally categorized into two forms: governments with popular support and the will of the people (democracy) and governments with transcen-dental support and will (theocracy).
Economic justice, in the general sense of living in security, regardless of the political or social system ruling the society, has been the desire of every person and government. In all welfare discourses after the Islamic revolution, welfare, and social security have been accepted as trans-sectoral categories in the category of the main duty of the government and the primary rights of the people; however, welfare and social security have taken on different meanings depending on which discourse and with what signs and symbols it is elaborated. Poverty and deprivation as one the problems of economic injustice with the power to influence and harm it has been con-sidered in cultural, social, political, and economic fields during the life of the Islamic Republic of Iran and has always had a special place in the planning and policies of the country over the past three decades. The proof of this claim is the texts of economic, social, and cultural devel-opment programs of the country, which contain notes and materials about this issue. This re-search is of a theoretical type in analytical-descriptive form with the help of library resources, the internet, and the press, using phishing methods and using other media. In this research, the dimensions and components of social justice at the macro level of society in the field of eco-nomic justice in the reform and construction of government with the use of documentary and library methods and Laclau and Mouffe's discourse method are described and analyzed.
