درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Nahj al-Balāghah is an exalted masterpiece in Islamic literature and Arabic rhetoric, profoundly influenced by the revelatory teachings of the Holy Quran. The " Gharrāʼ " sermon within it stands as a refined example of the integration of linguistic elements, religious hegemony, and Islamic-epistemological ideology, which, in discourse analysis, manifests as a social thought and identity-building process. This study aims to explore the discursive structures and content layers within the sermon, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of Fairclough’s theory across three domains: "Description, interpretation, and explanation." It delves into the rhetorical-syntactic, intertextual, situational, and dominant ideological mechanisms. The findings, in the descriptive and interpretative levels, indicate that Imam Ali (AS) speaks from the depth of his being, employing rhetorical devices and robust syntactic arrangements in his sentences. Through pure and sometimes harsh truths and admonitions about the afterlife, he brings the listener into the hidden recesses of their soul, such that in the context of a funeral procession, his words create a spiritual resonance with the divine verses, making the listener not only overwhelmed with emotions and feelings but also transcending their rational faculties. Ultimately, this results in tears of sorrow and comprehension, physically manifesting as tremors in the listener. In the explanatory domain,with a critical outlook on human negligence and the pursuit of carnal desires and satanic temptations, the sermon emphasizes the necessity of reminders and warnings for the heedless,with the dominant hegemony being based on the ideology of warning, awakening, and the remembrance of the origin and resurrection.

The Christian Holy Scripture consists of two parts: "The Old Testament and the New Testament." Jews accept only the Old Testament as their sacred scripture. The sacred book of Muslims is the Qur’an. Since these books serve as the primary sources of their respective religions, proving their susceptibility to alteration or their immunity from it directly affects the credibility of those religions’ teachings, as well as the authority of these texts in distinguishing truth from falsehood. In this study, using an analytical–descriptive method, we address the question of what the reality is regarding the alterability or inalterability of these sacred texts, and we compare them in this regard. The findings show that the Bible, based on its own internal textual inconsistencies and also in light of Qur’anic verses, has undergone alteration and change. Some believe the Biblical scriptures are inerrant and unaltered, but this is incorrect, because their most important argument, divine inspiration of the Biblical text, suffers from problems such as circular reasoning. As for the Qur’an, according to all Islamic scholars, no alteration has occurred in it. While some Muslim scholars, based on certain narrations, have argued for omission in the Qur’an, such narrations cannot establish the claim. This is because those narrations point instead to misinterpretation, or to differences in the arrangement of surahs between the time of revelation and the present Qur’an, or they are set aside due to definitive evidence confirming the Qur’an’s protection from alteration.