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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an educational model of parenting based on the sahmgozari Approach. The model integrated the experiences of mothers with children diagnosed with symptoms ASD, along with a comprehensive program of integrated transformation. The study aimed to examine the impact of this model on the lifestyle based on sahmgozari approach of mothers and the developmental expectations of the children. Methodology: The statistical population consisted of all mothers residing in Isfahan, who had toddlers and infants with symptoms ASD and sought assistance from child counseling centers during the summer quarter of 2023. A purposive sampling method was employed, resulting in a sample size of three mothers in Isfahan City who met the inclusion criteria. Data collection involved the use of early screening questionnaires pertaining to autism characteristics, developmental expectations, and contributory lifestyle. Data analysis was conducted using visual analysis methods, stable change index, and recovery percentage. Findings: The findings indicated that the educational model of parenting based on the sahmgozari approach, which integrates the experiences of mothers with children with symptoms ASD and a comprehensive program of integrated transformation, effectively influenced the lifestyle based on sahmgozari approach of the mothers and the developmental expectations of the children. Conclusion: Therapists and parents can utilize the results of this research to mitigate the challenges associated with raising children with symptoms ASD.

Objective This study explored how group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can help improve the mental well-being of mothers who have children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Method The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-post-test design and a control group. Thirty mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: 15 mothers participated in seven weekly ACT sessions, while 15 mothers formed the control group. We measured mental well-being using the Mental Comfort Questionnaire and analyzed the results using ANCOVA to account for initial differences. Results Mothers who attended the ACT sessions showed significant improvements in several areas of mental comfort, including positive emotions, self-confidence in coping, elevated feelings, family support, communication within close groups, and overall mental well-being (all p< 0.05). Effect sizes were moderate to large (η² between 0.12 and 0.65). Social support showed a trend toward improvement (p = 0.07), but no significant changes were observed in mental control or social connection. Conclusions Group ACT appears to be an effective approach to enhance various aspects of mental comfort among mothers caring for children with ADHD, promoting greater psychological flexibility and better interpersonal relationships. However, challenges in mental control and social connection suggest that additional or combined therapies might be necessary. These findings support ACT as a flexible, culturally adaptable method to support caregiver mental health.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) represents a transitional phase between normal aging and dementia, primarily affecting memory. It affects nearly one-fifth of adults over 50 worldwide, highlighting its growing clinical importance. Pharmacological treatments have shown limited efficacy, prompting interest in non-invasive interventions such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which modulates cortical excitability through weak electrical currents. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of tDCS on memory performance in older adults with MCI and to identify protocol-specific predictors of improvement. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (up to April 2025) following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included randomized and non-randomized trials examining tDCS alone or combined with cognitive training in adults aged 60 years and older with MCI. Ten studies (N = 428) met inclusion criteria. Due to heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. Overall, tDCS significantly improved verbal and recognition memory, as well as spatial and episodic memory performance. Neurophysiological findings indicated enhanced neural activity and connectivity. Stimulation targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex produced the most consistent benefits, especially when applied for ten or more sessions at an intensity of 2 mA. Mild side effects, such as redness and tingling, occurred in approximately 20–30% of participants, with no serious adverse events reported. Preliminary evidence supports the effectiveness and safety of tDCS in improving memory among individuals with MCI. However, variability in protocols and small sample sizes underscore the need for standardized, biomarker-guided, and longitudinal research.

Externalizing behavior problems refer to a set of symptoms that can lead to significant psychological problems over time. These disorders affect a person's behavior as well as their physical, cognitive, and social abilities, disrupting their functioning in social, occupational, and academic areas. The present study investigated the relationship between executive functions and social skills in children's play with externalizing behavior problems. This research was conducted in a descriptive manner, and its statistical population included all children in Tehran in the academic year 2024-2025. In this study, using a multi-stage random sampling method, several schools were selected from district 6 of Tehran, and 130 children whose parents or teachers were willing to participate in the research and were identified as children with externalizing behavior problems according to the results of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire (CBCL) were selected as the sample. Data were collected using the BRIEF Executive Function Questionnaire and a researcher-made Social Skills Questionnaire, and data analysis was performed using single-variable regression. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the components of executive functions (including set shifting, working memory, inhibitory control, and inhibition) and the social skills of children with externalizing behavior problems (P=0/001). Therefore, it is emphasized that by using strategies to promote executive functions and social skills in the play process, it is possible to prevent the formation and continuation of externalizing behavior problems in preschool children  

Objective: The present study aimed to model marital satisfaction and parental problem-solving on children's mental health with the mediating role of parental emotional support. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and of the structural equation modeling type. The study population included all adolescent girls aged 15 to 18 years along with their parents residing in Tehran in 2024, from whom 258 adolescents and their parents were selected as the sample through convenience sampling. Data collection instruments included the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (EMSS, ENRICH, 1987) and the Problem-Solving Styles Questionnaire (PSS, Cassidy & Long, 1996) for parents, and the Emotional Atmosphere Questionnaire (FEA, Hilburn, 1964) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, Goldberg, 1979) for adolescents. Parents responded to the Marital Satisfaction and Problem-Solving Styles Questionnaires, while adolescents responded to the Emotional Atmosphere and Mental Health Questionnaires. Findings: The results showed that the proposed model had a good fit. Findings also indicated that the direct path of marital satisfaction, parental problem-solving, and parental emotional support to children's mental health was significant (P < 0.05), and the indirect path of marital satisfaction and parental problem-solving to children's mental health through parental emotional support was also significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that marital satisfaction and parental problem-solving can affect children's mental health through parental emotional support.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the predictive roles of parental anxiety and parental criticism on child internalizing symptoms in a South African sample. Methods: The research employed a correlational descriptive design with a sample of 470 parents of children aged 6 to 12 years, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table. Participants were recruited from various regions of South Africa. Standardized instruments were used, including the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for child internalizing symptoms, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for parental anxiety, and the Perceived Criticism Measure (PCM) for parental criticism. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, applying Pearson correlation coefficients to examine the relationships between variables and multiple linear regression to determine the predictive power of parental anxiety and criticism on child internalizing symptoms. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis showed significant positive relationships between child internalizing symptoms and both parental anxiety (r = .61, p < .01) and parental criticism (r = .53, p < .01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that both parental anxiety (β = .49, t = 12.67, p < .001) and parental criticism (β = .33, t = 8.82, p < .001) significantly predicted child internalizing symptoms. The overall model was statistically significant (F(2, 467) = 183.19, p < .001), with an R² of .44, indicating that 44% of the variance in child internalizing symptoms was explained by the two predictors. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that higher levels of parental anxiety and criticism are associated with increased internalizing symptoms in children. These results highlight the importance of addressing both emotional and behavioral aspects of parenting in preventive and therapeutic interventions aimed at supporting child mental health.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of happiness training based on Lyubomirsky’s model in reducing negative emotions and enhancing cognitive flexibility in this population. Methods and Materials: This study employed a quasi-experimental design using a pretest-posttest control group format. The statistical population included mothers of children with autism who attended the "Golhaye Beheshti" Center in Qom during spring 2024. A total of 30 participants were selected through simple random sampling and assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions of happiness training. The research instruments included the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2009). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The results indicated that Lyubomirsky’s happiness training significantly reduced depression, anxiety, and stress levels while significantly increasing cognitive flexibility in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Happiness-based intervention can serve as an effective strategy for promoting the mental health of mothers of children with autism by alleviating negative emotions and strengthening their cognitive capacities. Keywords: Happiness training, depression, anxiety, stress, cognitive flexibility, mothers, autism spectrum disorder.

Objective: The present study aimed to explain the structural model of marital satisfaction based on spirituality with the mediating role of happiness in married women. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational of the structural equation modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all married women employed in schools in Tehran. The total number was 41,656 in the 2022–2023 academic year. The sample size was calculated based on the PLS method proposed by Barclay et al. (1995), which required a minimum of 70 participants. However, due to the potential risk of participant attrition, a larger sample of approximately 120 individuals was examined. The sampling method used in this study was convenience sampling. The measurement instruments included the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989), the Parsian and Dunning Spirituality Questionnaire (2009), and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (1989). The assumptions were analyzed using SPSS 26 and SMART-PLS statistical software. Findings: The results of this study indicated that the structural model of marital satisfaction based on spirituality, with happiness as a mediator, demonstrated a good and acceptable fit, with a significance level of 0.05. Therefore, it is predicted that the structural model of marital satisfaction based on spirituality with the mediating role of happiness applies to married women. Consequently, spirituality, mediated by happiness, enhances marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Thus, by increasing the level of spirituality among couples, with happiness as a mediator, a higher level of marital satisfaction can be anticipated.

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based acceptance training package on the attitude of mothers of children with ASD. Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of mothers of children with ASD attending the Special Children’s Clinic at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran. Using convenient sampling, 30 mothers were selected. These mothers were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group, with 15 participants in each group. The experimental group received the 12-session, 120-minute mindfulness-based acceptance training package, while no intervention was applied to the control group. Both groups completed the Parent Attitude Toward Special Needs Children Scale (Gonder, 2002) before and after the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using the covariance matrix analysis method in SPSS version 27. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group, which received the mindfulness-based acceptance training package, and the control group in terms of overall attitude (p < 0.001). The effect of the intervention was also stable at the follow-up stage (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that a mindfulness-based acceptance training package can foster a positive attitude in mothers of children with ASD. Therefore, this training package can be utilized to promote a positive attitude among mothers of children with ASD.

Objective: This study aimed to explore how body image, marital satisfaction, and happiness influence the sexual desire of married women. Methods:  Conducted as a descriptive correlational study, it involved 286 married women who visited pre-divorce counseling centers at the Bojnord General Prosecutor's Office in 2023. These participants, selected through convenience sampling, were summoned due to their husbands' complaints of non-compliance with conjugal rights. Data collection tools included the Body Image Questionnaire (Fisher), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Argyle et al.), Enrich Couple Scale (Olson), and Hollander Sexual Desire Questionnaire. Results: The analysis, which used correlation and stepwise multiple regression, revealed significant positive correlations between positive body image, marital satisfaction, happiness, and sexual desire (p < 0.05). Specifically, body image explained 39% of the variance in sexual desire, marital satisfaction accounted for 30%, and happiness accounted for 35%. Conclusion: The findings suggest that enhancing body image, marital satisfaction, and happiness could significantly boost sexual desire in married women, indicating that targeted interventions in these areas may be beneficial.

The present study aimed to predict job burnout in employed men and women based on work-family conflict mediated by perceived social support and psychological capital. This study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of its method and is of the correlation type. The statistical population of this study consists of all men and women employed in governmental and non-governmental offices and organizations in Tehran in the spring of 2024, of which 237 people were selected through available sampling. The research tools included the Job Burnout Questionnaire by Maslach et al. (2001), Multidimensional Measure of Work–Family Conflict by Carlson et al. (2000), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet et al. (1990), and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans et al. (2007). The structural model fit was examined using structural equation modeling and SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that burnout in employed women and men is predicted based on work-family conflict (P=0.001, β=0.500). Burnout in employed women and men is predicted based on work-family conflict with the mediation of perceived social support (P=0.001, Z=5.33). Burnout in employed women and men is predicted based on work-family conflict with the mediation of psychological capital (P=0.001, Z=5.07).