درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Today the world is tackling climate change and simultaneously needs to overcome growing energy security challenges. The transition to renewable energy is known as the key strategy for reducing carbon emissions and ensuring energy security. However, not all countries access the required finance and technologies to successfully and sustainably deploy renewable energy projects. Therefore, they seek to attract foreign investment and technology. A growing number of governments are adopting incentives to compete in this field and create a more favorable investment atmosphere. The granting of investment incentives lies within the realm of national legislation which is susceptible to revocation by the host States. This exposes foreign investors to several risks as no State is bound by its unilateral commitments and the change or withdrawal of pro-foreign investment policies by the host States is a mere exercise of their sovereignty. As International Investment Agreements (IIAs) were primarily drafted to promote and protect cross-border investments against unfair and discriminatory treatments, it is interesting to know their current approach to investment incentives and assess its implications for renewable energy investments. Adopting a qualitative approach, this research aims to clarify this issue by defining investment incentives and shedding new light on the relevant clauses in IIAs that can better contribute to the protection of renewable energy investors’ interests. Findings suggest that harmonizing investment incentives by including them in IIAs has not been on the agenda so far and IIAs seldom contain renewable energy-related incentive provisions. Therefore, this research points out the relevant provisions that can better accommodate the renewable energy investment needs.

The resignation of an arbitrator constitutes one of the grounds for the termination of an arbitrator’s mandate, as provided for in most national arbitration laws and institutional arbitration rules. However, the legal dimensions and implications of such resignation- including its effects on the parties’ rights and the arbitral proceedings- may vary depending on the arbitrator’s motives for resigning and the justifiability (or lack thereof) of those motives. For instance, the acceptance of a resignation, the method of appointing a substitute arbitrator, the possibility of continuing proceedings before a truncated tribunal (i.e., without replacing the resigning arbitrator), and even the arbitrator’s potential civil liability may be subject to differing legal determinations based on whether the resignation is deemed justified. Domestic and international arbitration laws and rules have addressed arbitrator resignations through divergent approaches, often focusing solely on the replacement of the arbitrator while neglecting broader legal and ethical challenges. These challenges include the permissibility of resignation, its acceptance, its impact on the continuation of proceedings, and the prevention of its abuse. The unique characteristics of the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal have rendered the issue of arbitrator resignation particularly significant within its framework. Notable in this regard are the Tribunal’s jurisprudence and its modifications to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules- aimed at mitigating procedural delays arising from resignations. One of the most consequential procedural rules derived from the Tribunal’s experience is the addition of Paragraph 5 to Article 13 of the UNCITRAL Rules, which imposes an obligation on the resigning arbitrator to continue participating in proceedings (post-resignation) in cases where they have already taken part in the merits hearing. This provision, known as the Mosk Rule, has introduced a distinctive mechanism to safeguard procedural integrity. This article examines the rationale behind the Mosk Rule, its legal effects in light of general principles governing arbitrator resignation and replacement, its implications on the parties’ rights, the imperative of ensuring fair and equitable proceedings, and the preservation of arbitration’s legitimacy and credibility. Furthermore, the study proposes measures to deter unjustified resignations and mitigate their adverse impact on arbitral proceedings.

Background and Theoretical foundation: The size of the world's maritime economy (ocean goods and services) reached a record $2.2 trillion in 2023. Iran's share of this large economy is about one percent, including offshore oil and gas activities, between two and two-seven percent. With 310,000 square kilometers of maritime area and about 5,300 kilometers of coastline, which constitutes about 30 percent of the country's borders, Iran is considered a maritime country and has access to the sea from the north and south, but it ranks last in the world in terms of exploiting this God-given blessing. Methodology: This research has studied the necessities and solutions for seaborne development in the Islamic Republic of Iran and a comparative study of the situation of some Asian countries using a descriptive-analytical method. Findings:  According to statistics from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and according to statistics from the Ocean Economy, it will be a business with a population of 3 billion and a value of over $6 trillion in 2024. Therefore, Iran needs to take fundamental steps to create an ocean economy structure. Conclusion: The ocean economy is worth between $3 and $6 trillion and offers huge opportunities for developing countries to build resilience. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) says in its latest report, “Trade and Environment Review 2023,” that ocean-related businesses support the livelihoods of nearly 3 billion people. The share of the sea in the gross domestic product in the coastal countries of the European Union is 50 percent, but in Iran, despite its nearly 3,000 kilometers of coastline, this figure is only 2 percent. Therefore, Iran can institutionalize the basis for sea-based economic development by investing in its southern coasts, especially the Makran coast.