درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This essay comparatively examines the systems of judicial review over the principle of proportionality in administrative law to identify how different countries balance governmental efficiency with citizens' rights. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this article seeks to answer the fundamental question of how differences in legal and constitutional traditions affect judicial review and the application of the principle of proportionality, and what impact these differences have on the relationship between the state and its citizens. The research findings indicate that the principle of proportionality in European systems allows for more active judicial oversight through a structured test (suitability, necessity, balancing), whereas the United States, by emphasizing reasonableness and doctrines like Chevron deference, grants greater discretionary latitude to administrative bodies. Iran has a distinct approach that combines religious values with administrative efficiency. Developments such as Kenya’s move toward the proportionality test demonstrate a trend toward more structured oversight. The concept of the margin of appreciation, particularly in human rights law, combines national decision-making power with judicial review to ensure compliance with democratic principles. The results show that despite the diversity in approaches, the shared objective of legal systems is to ensure reasoned and balanced decision-making, which strengthens the rule of law and protects citizens' rights through judicial review.

In the course of the 20 th century, Islamic human rights Instruments and documents have been issued as a result of conferences of Muslim scholars, sometimes through exchange of opinions with European human rights experts, and initiated by different Muslim countries. On the whole, these instruments/ documents have been mostly welcomed on the international level; partly they were the result of intercultural and interreligious dialogue. On the one hand, international experts on human rights became aware of the rich heritage of Islam in terms of collective and individual rights - on the other hand, the question arose if and to what extent the Islamic corpus of rights – enshrined in the Sharia’s – can be in accordance with the International Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. Islamic scholars as well as western human rights experts, both from their perspective, have analysed which differences or communalities exist, what their roots are and how they may influence the legal status of people in an Islamic or Eastern or Western context. The aim of such scientific approach should be to ensure that human beings have access to guaranteed rights and can expect protection when exercising those rights. In this paper I will try to present an overview on relevant discussions and developments, based on literature.