درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The two-volume book *Selected Articles on International Law, Adjudication, and Arbitration* by Dr. Seyed Jamal Seifi, a distinguished international arbitrator and former judge at the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal, compiles articles published over three decades in Iranian legal journals. Volume 1, published in 2023, contains twelve articles divided into three sections: Arbitration (4 articles), the International Court of Justice (4 articles), and the Substance of International Law (4 articles). Volume 2, published in 2024, includes eight older articles from 1994 to 2011, organized into two sections: International Arbitration and Adjudication (4 articles) and the Substance of International Law (4 articles). The articles reflect Dr. Seifi’s dual expertise in international arbitration and public international law, addressing topics such as the evolution of arbitration, the role of the International Court of Justice, and contemporary issues in international law, including state sovereignty, investment arbitration, and the legal regime of the Caspian Sea. The review highlights the enduring relevance of these articles, particularly in light of recent developments in international law, and underscores their contribution to enriching Iran’s legal scholarship. The collection serves as a valuable resource for understanding the intersection of international arbitration, adjudication, and public international law.

Marine noise pollution has emerged as a critical environmental challenge in international law, posing serious threats to marine biodiversity, particularly to noise-sensitive species such as marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. The increasing industrialization of the seas, driven by activities such as commercial shipping, military sonar operations, offshore energy exploration, and deep-sea mining, has significantly intensified underwater noise pollution. This phenomenon disrupts marine life by interfering with communication, navigation, reproduction, and feeding patterns, ultimately affecting ecosystem stability. This study examines the role of international conventions in addressing marine noise pollution, with a particular focus on domestic legislation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main research question seeks to determine how international legal frameworks regulate marine noise pollution and to what extent Iran’s national legal system aligns with these global standards. The research hypothesizes that while international conventions, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and related environmental agreements, provide general legal principles, they lack effective enforcement mechanisms. Consequently, the absence of specific, binding global regulations necessitates stronger national implementation measures. A qualitative methodology is employed, relying on doctrinal legal analysis and comparative studies to assess international legal provisions and domestic regulations. The study reviews primary legal sources, including treaties, judicial decisions, and national legislation, alongside secondary sources such as academic literature, policy reports, and expert opinions. The findings reveal that while various international instruments recognize marine noise pollution as a threat to marine biodiversity, they lack precise and binding regulations for its prevention and mitigation. UNCLOS, for instance, sets general obligations for states to prevent marine pollution but does not explicitly define marine noise as a pollutant, leading to legal ambiguities in enforcement. Similarly, agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines provide recommendations rather than legally binding measures. At the national level, Iran’s environmental legal framework incorporates general provisions for marine environmental protection. However, it does not specifically address noise pollution in marine environments, leaving a regulatory gap. Given Iran’s strategic maritime position and extensive coastline, the absence of specific noise pollution regulations poses challenges in fulfilling its international obligations. This study concludes that the mitigation of marine noise pollution requires a multifaceted approach, combining stronger international legal instruments with enhanced enforcement mechanisms and more robust domestic policies. Effective legal frameworks should incorporate mandatory noise reduction measures, stricter environmental impact assessments, and clear liability rules. Additionally, strengthening regional cooperation, fostering scientific research on noise pollution’s impact, and integrating global best practices into national legislation are essential steps. Iran, as a key maritime state, would benefit from adopting specific laws addressing marine noise pollution and aligning its domestic legal system with international environmental standards.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Tourism has an efficient and effective potential in the economic, social, and cultural growth of countries, especially developing countries such as Iran, which, if implemented, can lead to development. Iran has a significant and unique potential in terms of tourism attractions, so that the capacity of this country can be compared with countries such as Greece, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and some other ancient countries. As an invisible export of goods and services, due to its effectiveness on the process of production and employment, the Tourism industry is one of the most important and most profitable industries of the world and can play a significant role in meeting foreign exchange earnings and economic growth, and development of countries. Methodology: The objective of conducting the present study is to present a model to realize the competitive model of the tourism industry. In this study, the indicators of the Crouch and Ritchie model were used to create a framework that includes the views of experts. The reliability and validity of the research were confirmed through statistical methods to establish the primary indicators along with the defined sub-indices. The statistical universe of the study includes the tourism experts, including university professors, experts employed in the organizations related to tourism, in two sections of governmental and private, who have sufficient acquaintance with the Mazandaran region. The sampling method will be available sampling with the Cochran formula. In available sampling, the researcher uses the available samples, and it is an inexpensive and available sampling method. Findings: The findings of the study show that the rating of factors effective on attraction of tourism destinations of Mazandaran Province are inheritable Cultural resources, built resources, supportive and situational factors, natural inheritable resources, policy making, planning and development, key resources and attractions, condition of demand, management of tourism destination, ability of controlling expense, public infrastructure, ability of concentration and differentiability, respectively. Therefore, it is inferred that, concerning importance towards, other factors effective on attraction of tourism destination of Mazandaran province, competitiveness of destination has less priority. Conclusion: The results show that three main factors are effective in the development of marine and non-marine tourism in Mazandaran province. These factors include primary factors such as heritable cultural resources, heritable natural resources, and built resources. Secondary factors include policy-making, destination planning and development, tourism destination management and supporting situational factors. And tertiary factors such as public infrastructure, demand conditions, key resources, and attractions. This study finally evaluates the destination's competitiveness based on cost control, differentiation, and focusability. The results of the Friedman test show that the highest priority is given to heritable cultural resources with an average score of 11.8, followed by built resources with 8.03 and supporting and situational factors with 31.7. The next priorities include inherited natural resources (7.16), policy and planning (7.14), key resources and attractions (6.81), demand conditions (6.26), tourism destination management (5.88), cost control (5.58), public infrastructure (5.48), focusability (5.27), and finally, differentiation with an average of 0.06.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Throughout history, humanity has always been involved in numerous crises, including war and bloodshed, and their undesirable consequences and effects. Establishing peace and resolving conflicts has always been of interest to scholars, and accordingly, two main views have been put forward in this regard under the headings of "the originality of peace" or "just war". Meanwhile, sea bandits or piracy, which have a very old history and are as old as the history of human domination of the sea, have become a serious threat to the security of international trade in recent years, since 2008, due to reasons such as changing the behavioral pattern of pirates who often take hostages and extort money. The crime of piracy is one of the first international crimes with global jurisdiction, and has always been the subject of discussion among scholars of various legal systems. One of the important issues in this regard is how to establish peace or a just war with this phenomenon. Methodology: In this research, which uses a descriptive and analytical method, piracy was studied in a comparative manner from the perspective of just war theory in Islamic jurisprudence and international law. The data collection tools in this qualitative research are the use of library resources and texts, and electronic journals, with a common approach in identifying and critiquing the research conducted. Findings: It shows that the Islamic legal system and international law have presented mostly similar and sometimes different views in this regard, but ultimately, both legal systems support the observance of ethical and humanitarian principles. Conclusion: The results show that today, the issue of war is an important issue and challenge that can only be accepted when it is accepted as a just challenge in the international arena. Therefore, considering the principles of international law and the actions of pirates, in many cases there are many similarities with the term war in Islamic jurisprudence, and their behavior and actions, which often lead to the deprivation of sea security, can be considered as war, but observing the principles of just war is both essential and of fundamental importance in the Islamic legal system.