درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This research aims to study agency costs and tax planning, emphasizing the moderating role of government ownership. Taxation, as the primary means of raising revenue, can help governments achieve their macroeconomic objectives. Paying taxes is one of the most important tasks citizens can perform to provide financial resources for social welfare. In addition, politically connected companies have an opaque operating environment due to government support, resulting in more significant conflicts of interest and higher agency costs. To achieve this purpose, two hypotheses were formulated. To test these hypotheses, a sample of 142 companies was selected from the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2014-2023. A multivariate regression model was applied using the panel data method. The results of the research hypotheses indicate that agency costs and tax planning have a positive and significant relationship. The results also suggest that government ownership does not affect the relationship between agency costs and tax planning

Although it is unclear whether these services are reaching their full potential, mobile technology may assist smallholder farmers in receiving better financial services. This article fills the lacuna by providing an exploratory overview of the research on the effects of financial services offered by mobile phones on farmers, with a slight focus on Africa and other developing countries. The review emphasizes how little empirical data there is in this field. Results imply that farmers profited from advances in risk management, input management, post-harvest sales and loan disbursement ease. The evaluation also identifies several methodological flaws, most notably the use of lack of creditworthiness data and the diversion of resources by smallholder farmers

Accounting processes and their related decisions play an important role in organizing business. If the organization does not have a comprehensive accounting system, managing it will face many problems such as liquidity deficit, tax penalties and so on. Therefore, optimizing accounting processes is essential for managing an organization and improves the company's performance and greater efficiency for business activities. On the other hand, estimates and subjective judgments in preparing financial statements have caused controversy among auditors and owners. In particular, in cases where the standards are not clear, the use of unavoidable judgment and mentality creates ambiguity in financial reporting. This is while the ultimate value of audit activity is in helping the user to determine the quality of the information received. On the other hand, the financial reporting crises of recent years have focused the attention of researchers and professional associations on increasing the reliability of audit reports and reducing negligence. Therefore, considering the importance of auditing and the quality of financial reporting, this study examines and analyzes auditing strategies and determines the optimal strategy to improve the quality of financial reporting. For this purpose, 120 companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange, which have a legal and formal audit system and use external audit firms for auditing, are considered as a statistical sample based on the counting method, and the senior supervisors, managers and partners of this Companies have been questioned.

Companies pay attention to the value level of financial flexibility in making decisions related to optimizing investments and applying their net working capital policies. This issue will make profitable investment opportunities for companies more efficient and enable companies to gain more efficiency, as well as apply more optimal policies to keep cash. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of financial flexibility value and financial constraint on the speed of adjustment of net working capital, as well as the effect of financial constraint on the relationship between the value of financial flexibility and the speed of adjustment of net working capital in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The appropriate pattern recognition test in combined data indicates the use of the regression model of the research using the panel data method with the fixed and random effects approach for the panel and pooled data patterns to estimate the regression model. The statistical sample includes 100 companies accepted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2005 to 2020. The findings indicate that the value of financial flexibility has a positive and significant effect on the speed of adjustment of net working capital in the models of partial adjustments and error correction. Financial constraint has a positive and significant effect on the speed of net working capital adjustment, and it also has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between the value of financial flexibility and the speed of net working capital adjustment.

Iran Mercantile Exchange is striving to become a regional hub for price discovery of essential commodities and raw materials, providing producers with financial instruments and risk management tools. This study investigates the optimal hedge ratio in future and commodity deposit receipts (spot) contracts for Round Fandoghi pistachios. Using the BEKK-VAR-TARCH model, the impact of seasonal and daily volatility on returns and hedge ratios was assessed over the period from 19 October 2018 to 18 January 2022. The results showed that volatility on specific days of the week and during different seasons affect speculative and investment decisions in the commodity exchange. Particularly, sharp volatility during certain periods can lead to significant changes in returns and hedge ratios. These findings suggest that investors should update their investment strategies based on seasonal and daily volatilities. Additionally, the importance of utilizing financial instruments suited to market conditions for managing existing risks was confirmed. Ultimately, investors, speculators, and policymakers in the commodity exchange are advised to pay special attention to temporal changes and existing volatilities when composing their investment portfolios and adjusting hedge strategies. Furthermore, the use of futures contracts and derivative instruments is recommended as risk management approaches. This study contributes to a better understanding of volatility behavior and offers strategies for improved risk management in the Round Fandoghi pistachio market.