درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Consumer law is an innovative branch of law that began to develop in the second half of the 20th century. The creation and evolution of consumer law show the result of the political desire to develop and promote the rights and interests of consumers as the main players in the market. Therefore, the study aimed to identify and analyze the factors affecting the protection of Iranian sports products' consumer law. The research approach was qualitative with a grounded theory method. 13 experts including sports law and marketing experts, retailers, wholesalers, importers of sports goods, and manufacturers of sports goods and equipment, were chosen purposefully as participants. The sampling continued until data saturation. In addition to the interviews, 12 articles, 1 thesis, and 2 books were used to collect data. After data analysis, 59 initial codes, 9 subcategories, and 3 main categories (basic consumer rights, consumer's personal beliefs, and underlying elements of consumer protection) were identified. In general, the government's support and the supervision of the legal and regulatory institutions on the performance of manufacturers, suppliers, and sellers of Iranian sports products had a significant impact on the protection of the consumer law. Iranian consumers support Iranian sports products when they know that their rights are fully respected, and then they will buy and use Iranian sports products with more confidence.

Background: The effects of wearing common masks during maximal exercise activities on individuals remain unclear.Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of wearing surgical and N-95 masks on physiological, perceptual, and performance responses in healthy men performing a maximal shuttle run test.Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy men (age 23.78 ± 2.0) participated in three sessions: without a mask, with a surgical mask, and with an N-95 mask, with a one-week interval between each session. After each test, physiological variables (heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and oxygen saturation), perceptual variables (comfort/discomfort and perceived exertion), and performance variables (maximum oxygen consumption and shuttle run test duration) were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to compare differences between the conditions.Results: Significant differences were observed between the conditions with and without a mask in terms of oxygen saturation (P= 0.043), blood lactate concentration (P= 0.026), and perceived exertion, maximum oxygen consumption, and shuttle run test duration (P= 0.001), with the no-mask condition demonstrating superior outcomes in all variables. The type of mask (surgical or N-95) did not significantly affect the measured variables. Wearing both masks led to an increased sensation of moisture, heat, shortness of breath, and fatigue.Conclusion: Wearing masks, especially during intense physical activities, may impair physiological and performance metrics, recommending mask-free outdoor settings when feasible.

Background : Anti-inflammatory markers play a crucial role in chronic diseases.. Regular training is a valuable method to control inflammation. Aim: This meta-analysis aims to explore the impact of exercise training on anti-inflammatory indicators like IL-10 and IL-4. Martials and methods: Various databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials from 2007 to 2023. Studies focusing on IL-10 and IL-4 indicators in individuals undergoing exercise training were selected. According to the study inclusion criteria, ultimately, 40 articles were finally selected as study samples for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using fixed and random effects models to analyze the effect sizes, taking into account factors such as age, gender, health status, type and duration of exercise, and BM.. Results: Aerobic training significantly increased IL-10 levels (p=0.00, 95% CI=0.267:0.723, ES=0.495), while the increase after resistance training was not significant (ES=0.295, 95% CI-0.020:0.610, p=0.067). Both aerobic training (ES=-282, 95% CI=-0.795:0.185, p=0.237) and resistance training (ES=0.227, 95% CI=-0.389:0.843, p=0.471) had no significant effect onIL-4 levels. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-10 associated withBMI subgroups (p=0.019), with the highest increase in BMI group 18 to 25 (p=0.001). Subgroup meta-analysis for IL-4 showed no significant differences between subgroups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training was associated with a significant increase in IL-10 levels in healthy and unhealthy subjects, but aerobic and resistance training had no significant effect on IL-4 levels. Further randomized controlled studies are essential, especially focusing on resistance training and different training scenarios.

Background : As technology advances, concerns regarding neurobehavioral disorders, particularly memory deficits caused by electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless devices such as Wi-Fi routers have increased dramatically. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on cholinergic biomarkers and amyloid beta (Aβ) levels in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to 2450MHz EMR emitted by Wi-Fi routers. Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups: 'control', 'wave', and 'wave+aerobic exercise'. During four weeks, the 'wave' groups were exposed to 2450MHz EMR from Wi-Fi routers for four hours daily, seven days a week the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group also participated in a running program five days a week in addition to EMR exposure. Cognitive behavioral changes resulting from the interventions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Results: Exposure to EMR significantly decreased acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, and increased Aβ levels in the hippocampus (P<0.05). The MWM test also revealed a significant impairment in spatial memory among the exposed rats compared to the 'control' group. However, the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group exhibited a significant increase in acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, a significant reduction in Aβ levels, and demonstrated considerably better performance in the MWM test compared to the 'wave' group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in preventing pathophysiological alterations and cognitive impairments caused by electromagnetic radiation.

This review systematically examines recent studies on the potential role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in physical activity, encompassing health, performance, cognitive, and physiological perspectives. Specifically, it investigates the impact of HRV monitoring methods on physical performance, fatigue, and recovery across various aspects of sports performance. A comprehensive search for primary articles and relevant scientific literature was conducted across academic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, using keywords such as Heart Rate Variability, physical activity, health, sports physiology, and cognitive factors. HRV is widely recognized as a non-invasive, practical, and valuable tool for assessing autonomic nervous system function. Due to its methodological advantages, HRV provides critical insights into fitness levels and training adaptation, optimal training intensity and volume, overtraining detection, injury risk assessment, and cognitive factors such as stress and anxiety. The reviewed literature indicates that individuals with lower baseline HRV tend to experience increased HRV levels following regular physical activity. Consequently, exercise training is directly associated with improved HRV, which in turn enhances athletic performance, mitigates overtraining risks, and reduces injury incidence

Objective : Athlete burnout, which is a multidimensional syndrome and consists of emotional exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and sport devaluation, is associated with detrimental outcomes to performance and well-being. The aim of this study was to design and validate a machine learning model by combing real-time physiological monitoring and psychological testing to predict and prevent burnout in elite athletes. Method: We recorded multimodal data for 120 national-level athletes (60 males, 60 females) from three sports over a 6-month period; we obtained heart rate variability (HRV), salivary cortisol, sleep measures, and standardized burnout scales. An ensemble model of XGBoost and LSTM architectures had the best predictive performance (AUC-ROC = 0.91), which was significantly better than that of the traditional logistic regression (AUC-ROC = 0.72, p < 0.001). Results : Distinguishing physiological predictors were HRV (β = -0.34, p < 0.001), cortisol awakening response attenuation (β = 0.29, p = 0.001) and deep sleep reduction (β = -0.27, p = 0.001), with the relationships being moderated by TrL (pinteraction < 0.05). In the three-month implementation trial, the system prospectively identified 68% of the burnout cases early on (median lead time = 18 days); it decreased the incidence by 37% relative to the controls (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.28, 0.66]). The model had strong temporal stability (AUC drift < 0.02/month), but there is potential for decreased generalizability to recreational athletes and technology-based restricting widespread application. Conclusions : Our results demonstrate the potential for machine learning-empowered combinatory continuous biometric monitoring and psychological screening to operationalize burnout as a preventive (rather than reactive) challenge in elite sports. The model offers coaches and medical teams’ actionable information to intervene in an individualized manner, but future research is needed to examine menstrual cycle effects and to design cost-effective interventions in youth sports systems.