مطالب

Freedom, in Kant’s view, is a general concept that encompasses his three Critiques and many of his writings. He introduces freedom as the foundation of ethics and considers it a fundamental characteristic of the subject. In contrast, Mulla Sadra, while accepting the general necessity of causality, clearly explains free will within the scope of causality and as a positive (affirmative) matter, by citing the philosophical foundations of his Transcendent Wisdom. Despite believing in the unity of the identity of the soul and the body—considering them to be of one existence—Mulla Sadra considers the soul to be the true agent of moral behavior among the various causes and influential factors surrounding it, and describes the soul’s mode of agency regarding moral behaviors as a monophonic and radiative (emanationist) agency. From the perspective of Kant’s dual-aspect view, freedom exists in two senses: negative and positive. Of these two, Kant chooses the latter and makes it the basis of his thought. Although Mulla Sadra has a single-aspect anthropological foundation and Kant has a dual-aspect one, they share similarities in the analysis and explanation of free will. The present article has been compiled with the aim of describing and analyzing freedom in the thought of Kant and Mulla Sadra, pointing to some fundamental similarities and differences between these two prominent thinkers, using an analytical method. From the philosophical analysis of freedom in both perspectives, it was concluded that in Kant’s strategy, firstly, freedom is related to the noumenal (trans-phenomenal) realm and not the phenomenal and external realm; in the phenomenal, causal necessity reigns, but the noumenal realm is governed by the rules of pure reason. Secondly, freedom is the independence of the will from being determined by the laws of nature, and it also consists of its determination by unchanging laws of a special kind, the origin of which is within pure reason. Mulla Sadra agrees with Kant on the point that the soul’s agency is independent of the laws of nature for the issuance of moral behavior, as he considers the soul to be the true agent. However, unlike Kant, he does not remove the soul’s sphere of agency from the orbit of the laws of causality.

One of the critical topics in the field of theology is the relationship between religion and ethics. Under discussion of the relationship between religion and ethics, the relationship between the hereafter as an essential religious doctrine and ethics is considered one of the most important. If in religions, especially Abrahamic religions, theology is considered their point of difference, then ethics can be considered the common thread of all these religions. Of course, moral teachings in Islam and Christianity are more eminent than in other religions. What a Shia Muslim and a Catholic Christian have in common is, on the one hand, a set of moral teachings and, on the other hand, a belief in other teachings, including the hereafter. Just as there is a significant relationship between religion and morality, such a relationship can also be imagined between morality and the hereafter. When these two categories are placed together, they have a mutually influential relationship. The afterlife affects morality in several ways. The afterlife in Shia is indeed different from Christianity's in many ways. However, some things are shared between them, including the resurrection of the dead, judgment of actions, and reckoning. This leads us to commonalities in these two religions regarding the relationship between morality and the hereafter. Finally, what has been obtained from the research in this regard is that in both religions, the hereafter affects morality in three areas: giving meaning, giving motivation, and giving purpose. This article will investigate various aspects of this effect with an analytical and comparative method. Keywords  

This article examines the hybrid of heritage and spiritual tourist attractions, tourist activities, and the management of Bali's Gunung Kawi Cliff Temple destinations in the context of sustainable tourism development. A qualitative method typically involves literature studies, observations, and in-depth interviews. The hybrid approach is believed to be a pathway towards sustainable tourism in the new normal era, as it promotes community-based and environmentally conscious tourism. Tourist destinations need to build intangible products in the form of something to feel, to improve the quality of tourist attractions. The intangible aspect can lead to the development of new products related to the initial concept and become a hybrid form of tourism. The intangible derives from the environment and culture, a pathway towards sustainable tourism in the new normal era, as it promotes community-based and environmentally-conscious tourism. Regarding Tebing Gunung Kawi Temple tourism, tourists need something to feel. This has developed heritage tourism attractions into hybrid and spiritual tourism .

The present study aimed to examine the effect of self‑actualization on quality of work life with the mediating role of job satisfaction among primary school teachers in Zabol County. This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive–correlational in nature, using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The statistical population consisted of all primary school teachers in Zabol County during the 2024–2025 academic year, totaling 288 individuals, from whom 165 participants were selected using Cochran’s formula through simple random sampling. Data were collected using Walton’s Quality of Work Life Questionnaire (1973), the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Ahvaz Self‑Actualization Inventory (ASAI). The data were analyzed at descriptive and inferential levels, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling, using SPSS version 28. The results indicated that self‑actualization had a direct and significant relationship with teachers’ quality of work life and job satisfaction. In addition, quality of work life showed a direct and significant relationship with job satisfaction. The results of structural equation modeling also revealed the direct effect of self‑actualization and quality of work life on job satisfaction. Furthermore, the analysis of indirect effects showed that self‑actualization significantly influences teachers’ quality of work life through the mediating role of job satisfaction. Therefore, it can be concluded that strengthening self‑actualization and improving quality of work life can play an important role in enhancing job satisfaction and improving the professional outcomes of primary school teachers