مطالب

In the era of global communications, the media plays a crucial role in explaining, interpreting, and shaping international events. The manner in which news about a phenomenon is presented and disseminated can significantly influence audience beliefs and perceptions. One of the most significant events in the Middle East in 2024 was the assassination of Martyr Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah on September 27, which received extensive media coverage. Given the importance of this event, the primary question addressed in this article is: How was the assassination of Martyr Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah represented in four media outlets—CNN Persian, BBC Persian, Al Arabiya Persian, and IRNA News Agency? The research method employed is descriptive-analytical, with data collected through library research. The findings indicate that all four media outlets utilized ideological discourse and strategies such as lexical selection, polarization, mental imagery, association, and suggestion to frame Nasrallah’s assassination. In the representations of CNN Persian, BBC Persian, and Al Arabiya Persian, Nasrallah is depicted as the "Other" in opposition to the "Self," with his actions portrayed as contributing to regional instability—particularly in Lebanon—and his assassination framed as ushering in a new era for the Middle East. The central theme across these three outlets is the legitimization of Israel’s actions. In contrast, IRNA positions Nasrallah as part of the "Self," characterizing his assassination as a result of Israel’s weakness and aggressive policies. This outlet frames the resistance movement as just and the opposing side as illegitimate, projecting a bright future for the resistance front.

In the contemporary world, education is recognized as a fundamental tool for fostering active, responsible, and capable citizens who require processes that strengthen participation, mutual understanding, and rational dialogue. The present study aims to examine the application of Rousseau’s participatory democracy and Habermas’ communicative action in the teaching of spatial sciences, with a particular focus on geography. The research adopts an action research design with an applied orientation. The study population consisted of 24 undergraduate geography students enrolled in the course Urban Geography of Iran. Data were collected and analyzed across 14 instructional sessions through observation, evaluation, and the interpretation of lived experiences within an interpretive framework. The research process followed a cyclical pattern, including problem identification, theoretical review, formation of focus groups, and dialogue-oriented consensus building. Findings indicate that democratic, participatory, and communicative approaches to spatial education emerge gradually and require a process-oriented foundation. Accordingly, the integration of Rousseau’s participatory democracy with Habermas’ communicative action demands active facilitation by instructors and the reinforcement of intra- and inter-group interactions. The results further reveal that combining these two approaches in geography education—particularly in spatially oriented courses—creates a pathway for transitioning from teacher-centered learning to participatory–discursive learning. This shift enhances skills of spatial analysis, critique, collaboration, and debate, thereby deepening learning and understanding of spatial concepts. Ultimately, the study proposes a practical framework for democratic, interactive, and active education, serving as an illustrative example of implementing these philosophical approaches in higher education.

This research aims to investigate the effect of risk management on the speed of adjustment of commercial credit by considering the role of structural characteristics of companies' management. The statistical population is all the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and using the systematic elimination sampling method, 124 companies were selected as the research sample. They were examined in the ten years between 2014 and 2023. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that risk management has a direct and significant effect on the adjustment speed of trade receivables and payables. Also, the interaction of management history with risk management directly affects the speed of commercial credit payable and receivable adjustment. The interaction of management independence and risk management has a direct and significant effect on the speed of adjustment of trade credit payable, the interaction of these two variables has an inverse impact on the speed of adjustment of trade credit receivable, and finally, the interaction of the position of management and risk management influences the speed of adjustment of trade credit payable and is not receivable. In summary, this research indicates that risk management plays a significant role in the speed of trade credit adjustment, and this relationship is influenced by the company’s managerial structural characteristics. The findings emphasize the importance of risk management strategies and managerial structure in enhancing financial transparency and efficiency.