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The aim of this research is to examine the impact of drivers and values associated with luxury sports brands on consumer behavior, considering different levels of brand equity. The study adopts a correlational design with practical implications. The target population includes all customers of luxury sports brands in Mazandaran province. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, a statistical sample size of 384 was determined for a large population. To achieve this sample size, 420 questionnaires were distributed, and 392 valid responses were analyzed. Data collection was conducted using a quantitative approach through the administration of four researcher-developed questionnaires, which assessed stimuli, luxury brand values, consumer behavioral reactions, and brand equity. The validity of the questionnaires was established via factor analysis, while reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were employed to characterize the statistical population, examine the frequency and distribution of data, define variables, and generate related charts and tables. Hypothesis testing, model construction, and other necessary analyses were performed using LISREL for factor analysis and SPSS for inferential statistics, alongside model fitting software. The findings reveal that the values associated with luxury sports brands significantly influence consumer behavior, contingent on varying levels of brand equity. It is recommended that managers of organizations and companies involved in producing both sports and non-sports brands focus on enhancing brand equity by offering high-quality luxury products that create positive experiences and appeal for consumers.

Volunteers are valuable resources for sports organizations. Most of the sports organizations need to identify and employ the volunteers simultaneously in order to continue their activities. The present study made an effort to identify the requirements and functions of ambidextrous management of sports volunteers. Considering this aim, the meta-synthesis research method was used to carry out the study. More specifically, based on the process of the meta-synthesis research method, at the first stage, 312 papers were identified by searching the relevant databases. At the second phase, 55 papers were selected by screening the identified papers. Finally, the model of the study was developed by analyzing the selected papers. The model involved five ambidextrous requirement categories including the managerial, organizational, physical, strategic values, and motivational categories. Moreover, it comprised three ambidextrous function categories including empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures categories. The sports managers can focus on the ambidextrous management requirements and the ambidextrous management functions including the empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures in order to use the ambidextrous sports voltmeter management system and to exploit these human resources to achieve the goals of their organizations.

This review article elucidates the structure and critiques the effects of social loafing in the team sport of volleyball. Drawing upon existing theories, opinions, and research, this review addresses the conceptual framework and factors influencing individual and group behaviors in sports environments, particularly volleyball. These factors include team cohesion, leadership styles, communication, interdependent tasks, and individual motivation. An examination of the research methodologies and article formulations, as well as meta-analyses in academic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO, indicates that the predominant approach in studies on this phenomenon is deductive, with survey strategies employed through observational studies and interviews with players and coaches using questionnaires. The findings of this review, on one hand, present and analyze theories and models explaining social loafing behaviors in sports environments and teams, including the processes and dimensions of the emergence (and growth) of social loafing and its impact on individual aspects and team performance in volleyball. On the other hand, it highlights key points and related solutions for future research directions in volleyball, including strategies and interventions (by coaches and team leadership) aimed at reducing social loafing, enhancing cohesion, and improving group dynamics in volleyball teams, ultimately leading to improved team performance.

Background : Cold sprays (CS) are widely used in sport competitions as an effective, simple, and high available treatment. Aim: The aim of present study was to investigate immediate and longtime effects of CS application onto the knee joint anterior-medial area of dominant leg on timing and activation pattern of selected muscles during one-leg landing. Materials and Methods: Thirty (15 control and 15 experimental) able-bodied male participated in this study. Electromyography activity of vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semiendineus and medial gastrocnemius were recorded during one-leg landing tests (with dominant leg) for each of three conditions including before CS application (pre-test), immediately after (post-test 1), and 20 min later (post-test 2). To determine the effect of group and time on each dependent variable, three independent 2×2 multivariate repeated measures analyses of variance were performed (α < 0.05). Results : The results showed following trends rather than significant differences: the muscles in the experimental group had lower activity level and later onset immediately after CS application compared to before application, and they had higher activity level and sooner onset after 20 min from removing CScompared to immediate application. No significant interaction was found for normalized peak activation and time to peak activation ( P > 0.05). However, decrease in skin temperature after cold spray application was observed. Conclusion : These results show short-time cold application, which is so practical after many injuries for returning athletes to sport environment, may not predispose individuals to risk of re-injury or failed landing mechanism.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of HIFT exercise, on creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood serum in overweight adult men. Method : Twenty-two untrained non-smoker overweight men (age, 42.9 ± 5.6 years; body mass, 94.2 ± 9.3 kg; body height, 178.9 ± 4.5 cm; and BMI, 29.04 ± 3.3 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in this study and performed a session of HIFT exercise with 80-85% HRmax consisting of three sets of 10 exercises. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after training to measure serum CK and LDH levels. Results: The HIFT protocol significantly increased serum CK (Pre: 114.6 U/L; Post: 124.3U/L; p< 0.05{t=-5.48, p=0.001}); Also, LDH had a significant increase (pre:213.4 U/L, post: 225.4U/L; p<0.05{t=-4.09, p=0.001}). Conclusion: It can be concluded that HIFT with AMRAP (as many repeats as possible) protocol will lead to a significant increase in some indicators of muscle damage such as CK and LDH levels in overweight men. This protocol can lead to muscle damage in overweight men.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program on post-COVID-19 patients. Method : Three patients (two women and one man) with different severities, from moderate to severe, were selected. Blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen, and body function were measured at the beginning and end of the exercises, which included 12 sessions of arm and leg cycle ergometer and treadmill with adjustable resistance levels. Patients’ functionality was assessed using the Barthel index, and their quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results: Regarding the first patient, oxygen saturation increased from 85 to 95, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 0 to 420 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 35 to 85. For the second patient, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 82 to 92, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 0 to 390 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 30 to 90. For the third patient, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 87 to 96, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 320 to 510 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 60 to 85. All the patients showed improvements in their physical functions, such as walking, personal affairs, and quality of life. This functional improvement was higher in more severe levels of the disease. Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that pulmonary rehabilitation exercises for post-COVID-19 patients can contribute to the improvement of their status, arterial oxygen level, quality of life, and pulmonary functionality.