درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

  The level of satisfaction of individuals with life is one of the important criteria in the ideal lifestyle, and "mutual satisfaction" is one of the crucial manifestations of "satisfaction with life." Speaking of "satisfaction" in bilateral relationships implies the presence of both "Rāḍī" (well- pleased) and "Marḍīyy" (pleasing) aspects for both sides of these relationships. Considering the presence or absence of these two qualities in interpersonal relationships, three conceivable assumptions are possible: 1) Both parties are "Rāḍī" with each other, hence each party is also "Marḍīyy" with the other; 2) Only one of the parties is pleased with the other, therefore one is "Rāḍī" and the other is "Marḍīyy"; 3) Both parties are not "Rāḍī" with each other, hence neither is "Marḍīyy" with the other. The best case is the first assumption, and the worst case is the third assumption. When we find ourselves in the third situation, we must strive to at least transform it into the second assumption and then elevate the second assumption to the first assumption. But how is this transformation possible? The present study suggests that in one's interactions with others, instead of expecting to find oneself "Rāḍī," one should try to "Rāḍī" the other and let oneself become "Marḍīyy" with the other; because in order to be "Rāḍī" with the other, we do not have control over all the factors that lead to satisfaction, as we cannot determine or change the behaviors of the other party according to our desires. However, everyone has the choice and actions are up to them and can act according to the desires of the other party. If both parties in all bilateral relationships follow this recommendation, they will reach the ideal situation (the first assumption), which means being "Rāḍī and Marḍīyy at the same time."    

In the Holy Quran, God addresses sinners in various ways and speaks to them through clarification of sins, admonition, prohibition, warning, and so on. It seems that sometimes God has reproached sinners: "O you who have believed, why you say what you do not do?" (Quran, 61:2) and "Why do you not spend in the way of Allah while to Allah belongs the heritage of the heavens and the earth?" (Quran, 57:10). Reproach is a communicative behavior, a speech-action, and a type of purposeful and active performance; when it is done correctly, can have positive individual and social effects. However, when it is unethical and irrational, it will leave destructive effects. Despite its importance, reproach has been neglected in research works and has not been addressed as an educational method in educational books. Some individuals have even focused on the negative aspects of reproach. Therefore, reproach as an educational method is almost unknown. The present study aims to extract the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components of reproach and its goals in the Holy Quran based on the interpretation of al-Mīzān. Literature Review Some researchers have examined the reproachs of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha. For example, Hashemizadeh and Fahimi Tabar (1393) have studied reproach in Nahj al-Balagha only regarding the people of Kufa. Kiani and Zare (1394) have focused on reproach in Nahj al-Balagha solely from a literary style perspective. Hassani Satehi (1395) has examined reproach only in the hadith of Imam Ali (AS) and found that it has been done in two forms: verbal and behavioral. Naseri Esfandagheh et al. (1401) have analyzed the meanings and examples of reproach in letters 17, 39, and 41 of Nahj al-Balagha. The mentioned researchers have not examined reproach in the Holy Quran nor analyzed its components. Tussoulis and Abdulhaidar (2012) have studied the Sufi (malamatiyya) method of reproach. Researchers who have focused on examining reproach in the Holy Quran have not specifically examined the components and objectives of reproach, especially from an educational perspective. For example, Sharifi Isfahani (1381) examined the apparent contradiction in God's reproachful addresses to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in relation to his impeccability and demonstrated that there is no contradiction between the two. Barati (1389) analyzed God's reproachful addresses to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and found that the existence of such reproachful verses is itself strong evidence that the Quran is the word of God. Karbalaei Pazooki and Taheri (1394) investigated the apparent contradiction between verses praising and condemning humans in the Quran and concluded that instances where God reproaches humans are related to situations where they have misused their instincts and talents. On the other hand, both positive and negative instincts and qualities of humans are necessary for their growth, and there is no contradiction between verses praising and reproaching humans. Bint Alameen et al. (2018) discussed reproach based on the Quran; however, this study pertains to reproach from humans towards other humans. The present study aims to examine the reproach of wrongdoers by God, provide a more detailed analysis of reproach, and analyze its components. Methodology The research method employed was descriptive-analytical of Tafsir al-Mīzān. To identify and collect relevant verses, keywords such as "Malāmah," "ʻItāb," "Dhamm," "Shimātah," "Tawbīkh," and "Tathrīb" were searched in the Quran and its interpretations. Additionally, other verses that seemed to contain reproachful content based on the Tafsir al-Mīzān were identified. A total of 81 verses were extracted and organized into 44 analytical units. The data was then coded, categorized, and organized, and the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components of reproach, as well as the objectives of God (through reproach), were obtained through analytical study of the Quran based on the Tafsir al-Mīzān. Results According to al-Mīzān, in the Holy Quran, when reproaching a wrongdoer, God creates cognitions and emotions in the wrongdoer through words and actions, leading to their remorse for the mistake and encouraging them to repent and reform themselves. Therefore, we find cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components in reproach. Based on the findings, the cognitive component of reproach includes recognition of: humans, divine attributes, divine blessings, divine traditions, the Quran, the Holy Prophet (PBUH), virtues and vices, and strategies for reforming wrongdoers. Additionally, the emotional components of reproach include: shame towards God, shame towards oneself, feeling of sin, feeling of disgrace, and feeling of remorse. How exactly does God reproach sinners? Based on the findings, the behavioral components of educational reproach in the Holy Quran are as follows: questioning, gratitude, labeling, belittling, presenting arguments, inciting and drawing attention to speech, expressing disgust and aversion, giving examples, making comparisons, emphatic and decisive repetition, and explanation. Furthermore, the objectives of reproach (including: reforming thinking patterns, strengthening faith in God, attention to the resurrection, strengthening faith in the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), respect and obedience to him, understanding the ugliness of one's mistakes, feeling regret and deciding to repent, performing obligations and avoiding prohibitions and mistakes) and the ultimate goal (guidance and true happiness of human beings) were obtained. Conclusion Based on the findings, the reproach in the Holy Quran carried out by God is a speech-action in which God creates or reminds a set of cognitions in the wrongdoer and incites feelings in them that lead to remorse for the wrongdoing and ultimately urge them to reform. In order to guide wrongdoers back on the right path, God deals with them both very seriously and very compassionately. He reminds them of how despite their faults and wrongdoings, they have been and is still under the mercy and grace of God. This intelligent behavior causes the sinner to feel regretful for what they have done, but not to lose hope entirely. On the other hand, the findings show that God's educational reproach is not only emotional but also has a cognitive aspect. During reproach, God creates deep cognitions in the wrongdoer and tries to correct their cognitive errors. He does not want to simply make them feel guilty, but rather wants them to fully understand the situation and consciously decide to abandon the wrongdoing.

concepts and subjects centered on the word of God, playing an irreplaceable role in the system of religious knowledge. The scientific authority of the Quran, which involves multiple interpretations, has a direct relationship with the comprehensiveness of the Quran and the perfection of religion. One dimension of the authority of the word of God is the modeling of the transmission of Quranic teachings in accordance with the varying situations and conditions of the target community. The present study aims to explore the model of the scientific authority of the Quran in relation to the process of social transformation among Muslims. A descriptive-analytical examination of this issue traces the various cognitive topics in the gradual descent of the revelations, aligning with the circumstances and conditions of society and its audiences, and demonstrating an intelligent and hopeful authority for the Quranic teachings in fostering growth and transformation within society. Based on verse 29 of Surah al-Fatḥ (order of revelation: 112), the teachings of the Quran encompass four transformative stages: The germination of the religious identity of believers; growth alongside the strengthening of the believing community in the face of cultural and ideological aggression against them; the development and perfection of the impact of religion in all spheres of human life; and the creation of opportunities for designing a cyclical evolution for the expansion of Islam in the period following the revelation of the Quran. This presents a comprehensive program for all cultural administrators and stakeholders in transformation-seeking communities.