درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Grammarians and commentators disagree about the syntactic role of "Asbata" in the verse "…va qaṭṭa'nāhumuth-natay 'ashrata asbāṭan…" (وَ قَطَّعْناهُمُ اثْنَتَیْ عَشْرَهَ أَسْباطا) and have proposed several roles for it. According to Arabic grammar, the accusative of specification (tamiz) the numbers eleven and nineteen must be singular and assigned. The accusative of specification (tamiz) the number "twelve" in the above verse should come in the form of "sabṭan", while it is plural and accusative, which is against the grammar. For this reason, four grammatical roles are mentioned for it in syntactic and explanatory sources. Christoph Luxenberg, the author of the book "Syriac-Aramaic reading of the Qur'an", believes that the grammatical role of "asbaṭan" is distinctive accusative of specification (tamiz) ; But not according to the Arabic grammar, but according to the Syriac grammar. He considers the difference of opinion of grammarians and commentators in the role of "asbaṭan" due to their lack of familiarity with the Syriac Aramaic language and its influence on the Arabic language and the Qur'an. The current research has reviewed Luxenberg's point of view in this regard with the library method and comparative approach. Although there are some similarities between Syriac and Arabic syntax, the results indicate that Luxenberg's claim is not true.

The Holy Qur’an, in addition to its primary purpose of guiding humanity, contains numerous scientific references that were not fully understood at the time of its revelation. Verse 25 of Surah al-Ḥadīd refers to the sending down of iron. The use of the verb anzala (to send down) instead of more commonly used verbs such as khalaqa (to create) and jaʿala (to make) has led to various interpretations of this verse throughout history. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine the concept of the sending down of iron (inzāl al-ḥadīd) and its strong nature (ba's shadīd), as well as its relation to new scientific findings regarding the origin of iron on Earth. Additionally, it investigates whether people at the time of the Qur’an’s revelation had any knowledge of the extraterrestrial origin of iron.Contrary to some extreme approaches to the scientific interpretation and miracles of the Qur’an in recent centuries, this research advocates a balanced perspective that utilizes scientific findings, without any imposition, to better understand the verses of the Qur’an. Recent scientific discoveries indicate that iron is primarily produced in the cores of massive stars, and it cannot be produced in the solar system. Therefore, the use of the verb anzala may allude to the extraterrestrial origin of iron. The results of this research reveal that, from a scientific standpoint, various phenomena are involved in the process of iron's incorporation into Earth that could embody the concept of "sending down," including the production of iron in massive stars and its transfer to Earth through certain cosmic processes, the collision of iron-rich meteorites and asteroids with Earth, and the sinking of iron towards the Earth's core. Regarding the knowledge of people about the extraterrestrial origin of iron at the time of revelation, although it has been claimed that the term used for iron in ancient Egypt means "metal from heaven," the findings of this research indicate that this claim is merely a possibility and, despite extensive research, has not been definitively verified.

The disagreement regarding the audience of the Quran among Islamic scholars has led to various interpretations. Among them, Sharaf al-Dīn Istarābādī has a distinctive viewpoint, asserting that the interpretation of ambiguous verses is exclusively meant for the impeccable Imams (AS). Since he considers interpretation to encompass both the apparent and the inner meanings, his opinion is that the audience of the ambiguous (Mutashābih) verses—both in terms of their apparent meaning and inner meaning—are the impeccable Imams. Given the existing differences, this article aims to appropriately judge between these viewpoints by examining the meaning of "Rāsikhūn" based on the "Bun" methodology. The question arises: Is Sharaf al-Dīn's intended meaning validated or not? The investigation has shown that the meaning of "Rāsikhūn" in this verse refers to a special and distinct group of people who possess knowledge of the interpretation of verses, yet the identity of this group remains unclear, as the text does not have the ability to specify its identity. Accordingly, based on the extra-textual context and the perspective of Sharaf al-Dīn, it can generally be established that "Rāsikhūn" are a special and distinct group, specifically the impeccable Imams (AS).