درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

P urpose- Unproductive activities refer to economic activities which do not have a positive effect on GDP, but have high profit and returns, which can eliminate productive activities. This is a phenomenon that has occurred in Iran in the last three decades. The aim of the present study is to analyze the factors causing and spreading unproductive activities using Fumanat area as the context. Design/methodology/approach- The study area is Fumanat, one of the historical regions of Gilan. The type of research is qualitative. In order to collect the required data and information, we conducted the various steps: First, using secondary data, the study illustrated changes in the share of employment in the economic sectors of the region, changes in the area of agricultural land use, as well as changes in the level of built land use. Second, conducting interviews with different business owners of each household, the common activities of households were studied to determine the evolution of productive activities in the sample villages. The common activities of households and among them unproductive activities were identified by inductive method. In order to understand the factors affecting the creation and expansion of unproductive activities, the qualitative approach of grounded theory was used. Findings- The study indicates that in the mountain zone, 39.1 percent of jobs, in the foothill zone, 32.3 percent of jobs, in the plain zone, 41.9 percent of jobs and in the coastal zone, 30.2 percent of jobs, can be categorized as unproductive activities. The existence of uncertainty, lack of support for productive activities, the property rights issue, inadequate privatization and dysfunctional institution system affect the expansion of unproductive activities in the region. Originality/value- Various studies have examined productive and unproductive sides in economic endeavors, most of which considered them with a macro point of view. The present study tries to investigate the contextually of the factors underlying these changes in a rural space and community.

Purpose- the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and measuring the realization of creative village indicators in Nair County, to provide grounds for creative class of rural community, audience and consumers of creative products outside the village environment by relying on ecological lifestyle processes. Design/methodology/approach- the present theoretical study is conducted with applied purposes using the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study is 33 villages in Nair County with more than 50 households, having a total of 2937 households. The sample size was estimated to be 340 people based on Cochran's formula. Distribution of the number of samples in the villages is determined in ratio with their population. In order to examine the subject in six dimensions of flexibility, innovation, promotion, risk taking, leadership and participation, 43 indexers were used in a combined manner, based on the studies of other researchers. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and specialists in this field and the reliability coefficient was calculated for the questionnaire at 0.723. Also, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists were used to give weight to indicators and indexers of the creative village through Swara weighting technique during two stages. The results show that, the average indices of creative village are not in a favorable situation. Findings- the results of single sample t-test indicated that, the total average of the creative village indicator was 2.993 and rural creativity in the study area is at a weak level and is vulnerable. The results of CODAS technique from the leveling of 33 villages showed that, 2 villages are at the optimal level and 17 villages are at the weak level. Among them, the villages of Golestan and Saqqechi were in the highest level and the villages of Qare Tape and Meymand were in the lowest level of creativity. Originality/value- In the present study, the rural creativity was examined from the viewpoints of both local community and experts using various techniques. And through several referring to experts and specialists, the importance of each index and their prioritization were checked and their accuracy was ensured. Also, most of the conducted studies have examined rural creativity in the field of tourism, while the present study has investigated rural creativity and its realization in general and in all fields.

Purpose - Value chain development is an approach to rural economic development, which promotes the development of businesses and farmers' access to the market, reduces poverty, increases income and sustains food security in rural areas. Design/Methodology/Approach - This study is mixed qualitative-quantitative research, and applied research and in terms of purpose. A non-probability sampling method was used in the research. The main method of collecting research data was semi-structured interviews with the selected sample. The interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation. At the end, 38 individuals participated in the interviews. Interview notes were classified and analyzed in three stages: open, central and selective coding. Ultimately, 20 respondents were selected to answer the questionnaires after reviewing the content. The data of the questionnaires were collected and combined as a direct input matrix in MICMAC Findings- Barriers to olive value chain efficiency were identified: 30 criteria, 10 subcategories and 5 main categories. The efficiency of the olive value chain in Tarom County depends on a proper marketing management, providing infrastructure, policymaking, planning and also the organizations and trade unions. These factors were the most important and influential factors that had high cohesion and influence among other factors. In contrast, variability of the purchase and sale price, taking advantage of buying the product below the price by the middlemen, pre-sale of the product by farmers, more product waste during storage, transferring the olives to processing factories in the county are the dependence criteria. Practical implications - Given that the olive value chain in Tarom County is not efficient, its efficiency depends on a proper marketing management, providing infrastructure, policymaking, planning and also the organizations and trade unions. Most of the mentioned factors are dependent on the institutional actors and agricultural managers, and indicates their important role in enhancing the productivity of the olive value chain. Originality/Value- The results of this research can be a good way to solve problems and obstacles to agricultural development in rural areas.