درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose- Access to safe and clean water remains a critical global concern, especially in rural areas of developing countries where infrastructural and institutional limitations are prevalent. In Tanzania, particularly in the Simiyu Region, water insecurity is further compounded by limited community participation in the planning stages of rural water projects. While participatory approaches are widely advocated to improve sustainability and responsiveness of such initiatives, there remains limited empirical evidence on the socio-economic and institutional factors influencing household-level participation. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the determinants of community participation in rural water project planning in Simiyu region, Tanzania by employing a Logit Model Approach. Design/Methods/Approach- This study addresses this gap by analyzing the determinants of community involvement using a logit regression model, drawing from data collected through a cross-sectional survey of 217 respondents. The sample was derived using Yamane’s (1967) formula, and a mixed sampling technique was applied to ensure representativeness across demographic and socio-economic groups. Structured questionnaires were employed for data collection, and the resulting data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression methods. Findings- The results revealed that several variables significantly influence participation. These include age (marginal effect = 0.116, p < 0.05), gender (0.098, p < 0.05), occupation—particularly among those engaged in livestock keeping (0.161, p < 0.05) and small businesses (0.177, p < 0.05)-as well as income level. Additionally, community awareness (0.247, p < 0.05) and prior experience with development initiatives (0.175, p < 0.05) were strong positive predictors. Cultural norms were found to influence gendered participation, with male respondents more likely to be involved in decision-making processes. Practical implications- These findings emphasize the importance of integrating gender-sensitive and participatory planning approaches to ensure alignment with local needs and to promote sustainability. Original/Value- The study recommends targeted policy interventions including community capacity-building, equitable policy frameworks, and strengthened local governance mechanisms to foster inclusive participation. Institutionalizing participatory approaches and promoting gender equity will be crucial in enhancing community ownership, improving project outcomes, and ensuring long-term water security in rural Tanzania.

Purpose- This research attempts to analyze the role of livestock production in the spatial organization of the houses in Liqvan village that is one of the famous rural areas at the national level in Iran, and it owes most of its fame to the dairy products produced there (especially cheese). Design/methodology/approach- This study has been carried out in two sections: library and field studies. The theoretical part is done from available and accessible library resources (including books, magazines, articles, and authoritative sites). The field part is done using the "phenomenology" method. Findings- Studies show that in the traditional livelihood period, the role of livelihood was influential in the formation and spatial composition of the houses in this village, and the old living spaces of Liqvan were shaped to respond to the functions, with appropriate internal divisions, to provide long-term living facilities. However, along with the contemporary wave of modernization and changes in the needs of the present era, and especially the significant shift in income from traditional activities to mass dairy production, in the newly built houses, the residential spaces have often been converted into living spaces that do not have much affinity with local customs and traditions and do not have compatibility with the native architecture. Original/Value- Given the significant changes in the livelihoods of rural communities, it is crucial to implement strategies for developing and regenerating villages like Liqvan. This includes stabilizing rural centers, creating production and promoting income centers, and revising development strategies and policies. The focus should be on leveraging local potentials. The study also advocates introducing new productions and reviving past activities and services through production clusters with technical and specialized consultations. Furthermore, the preservation of indigenous architecture and the regeneration of local spaces can contribute to the growth of the tourism industry in the village.

Landscapes and urban green spaces, especially urban parks, are considered to be the most important urban spaces, and it is important to pay attention to these places in order to increase the quality of life of citizens. Based on this, the aim of this research is to rank the importance of satisfaction indicators of urban parks according to the opinion of citizens and experts. Library sources, field observation and structured interviews and Excel and Atlas ti software were used to obtain the data required for the research, and the obtained data were analyzed using the structural analysis method and in the Atlas ti qualitative software. In this way, the data from the interview was entered into the software, and after coding the data and determining their relationship with each other, the final model was extracted from the software. the results showed that the indicator of the presence of suitable greenery is the most important, and the presence of suitable health uses and the existence of a ski resort are the least important indicators in satisfaction with urban parks. In general, it can be said that paying attention to the soft landscape, various play equipment and walking paths can increase the level of satisfaction with urban parks.

The specific patterns of life formed on Earth are due to interactions that exist between man and the environment. In this regard, the present study is based on field and documentary data and using MABAC model and GIS, seeks to evaluate and rank the effective natural variables in the location and spatial distribution of castle settlements of west Azerbaijan province in Iran. In order to data analysis, after forming a database, the spatial distribution of identified castle settlements evaluated and analyzed in relation to variables of distance from the river, elevation levels, slope, aspect, landform, climatic classes, land use/vegetation and soil type. Findings obtained from the data analysis in the form of MABAC model show that distance from the river, elevation levels and landform (plain and mountainous) have the most effect on location and spatial distribution of castle settlements in studied region and other natural variables such as climatic classes, land use/ vegetation, soil type, slope and aspect have been effective in spatial distribution of these settlements in terms of importance and effective, respectively.